Latin for Beginners (Reference)

		PAGE
	Preface Display Problems
	Pronunciation
	Lessons I-LX: Words and Forms
	Lessons LXI-LXXIX: Constructions
READING MATTER
Introductory Suggestions		194-195
The Labors of Hercules		196-203
P. Cornelius Lentulus: The Story of a Roman Boy		204-215
APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES
Appendix I. Tables of Declensions, Conjugations, Numerals, etc.		226-260
Appendix II. Rules of Syntax		261-264
Appendix III. Reviews		265-282
Special Vocabularies		283-298
Latin-English Vocabulary		299-331
English-Latin Vocabulary		332-343
INDEX		344-348

194

READING MATTER

INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS

How to Translate. You have already had considerable practice in translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following suggestions:

1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.

2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.

3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the sentence from their endings.

4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English meanings of all the words in the same order as the Latin words. You will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.

5. Be careful to

a. Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.

b. Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they govern.

c. Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.

d. Make sense. If you do not make sense, you have made a mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.

6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the English translation.

195 The Parts of a Sentence. You will now meet somewhat longer sentences than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if transitive, will have a direct object.

However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the sentence The idle boy does not study, the word idle is an adjective. In The boy wasting his time does not study, the words wasting his time form an adjective phrase modifying boy. In the sentence The boy who wastes his time does not study, the words who wastes his time form an adjective clause modifying boy, and the sentence is complex. These sentences would show the same structure in Latin.

In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join clauses to the words they depend on, and are called subordinate conjunctions. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that, that, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the verb in the clauses which they introduce.

196 statue of Hercules
HERCULES

197

THE LABORS OF HERCULES

Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minyæ. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani´ra. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband’s love. Some time after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husband’s garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter.

LIII.1 THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS

infant Hercules fighting two serpents
HERCULES ET SERPENTES

Dī2 grave supplicium sūmmit de malīs, sed iī quī lēgibus3 deōrum pārent, etiam post mortem cūrantur. Illa vīta dīs2 erat grātissima quae hominibus miserīs ūtilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemiōrum summum erat immortālitās. Illud praemium Herculī datum est.

Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, māter Alcmēna, et omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dīcitur. Sed Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, eum, adhūc 198 īnfantem, interficere studēbat; nam eī4 et5 Herculēs et Alcmēna erant invīsī. Itaque mīsit duās serpentīs, utramque saevissimam, quae mediā nocte domum6 Alcmēnae vēnērunt. Ibi Herculēs, cum frātre suō, nōn in lectulō sed in scūtō ingentī dormiēbat. Iam audācēs serpentēs adpropinquāverant, iam scūtum movēbant. Tum frāter, terrōre commōtus, magnā vōce mātrem vocāvit, sed Herculēs ipse, fortior quam frāter, statim ingentīs serpentīs manibus suīs rapuit et interfēcit.

1. This number refers to the lesson after which the selection may be read.

2. Dī and dīs are from deus. Cf. § 468.

3. lēgibus, § 501. 14.

4. eī, to her, referring to Juno.

5. et ... et, both ... and.

6. domum, § 501. 20.

LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ

Herculēs ā puerō1 corpus suum gravissimīs et difficillimīs labōribus exercēbat et hōc modō vīrēs2 suās cōnfirmāvit. Iam adulēscēns Thēbīs3 habitābat. Ibi Creōn quīdam erat rēx. Minyae, gēns validissima, erant fīnitimī Thēbānīs, et, quia ōlim Thēbānōs vīcerant, quotannīs lēgātōs mittēbant et vectīgal postulābant. Herculēs autem cōnstituit cīvīs suōs hōc vectīgālī līberāre et dixit rēgī, “Dā mihi exercitum tuum et ego hōs superbōs hostīs superābō.” Hanc condiciōnem rēx nōn recūsāvit, et Herculēs nūntiōs in omnīs partis dīmīsit et cōpiās coēgit.4 Tum tempore opportūnissimō proelium cum Minyīs commīsit. Diū pugnātum est, sed dēnique illī impetum Thēbānōrum sustinēre nōn potuērunt et terga vertērunt fugamque cēpērunt.

1. ā puerō, from boyhood.

2. virēs, from vīs. Cf. § 468.

3. Thēbīs, § 501. 36. 1.

4. coēgit, from cōgō.

HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION

Post hoc proelium Creōn rēx, tantā victōriā laetus, fīliam suam Herculī in mātrimōnium dedit. Thēbīs Herculēs cum uxōre suā diū vīvēbat et ab omnibus magnopere amābātur; sed post multōs annōs subitō 1in furōrem incidit et ipse suā manū līberōs suōs interfēcit. Post breve tempus 2ad sānitātem reductus tantum scelus expiāre cupiēbat et cōnstituit ad ōrāculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum. Ibi sedēbat fēmina quaedam quae Pȳthia appellābātur. Ea cōnsilium dabat iīs quī ad ōrāculum veniēbant.

1. in furōrem incidit, went mad.

2. ad sānitātem reductus, lit. led back to sanity. What in good English?

199 Hercules fights the Nemean lion
HERCULES LEONEM SUPERAT

LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS1 · HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION

Itaque Herculēs Pȳthiae tōtam rem dēmonstrāvit nec scelus suum abdidit. Ubi iam Herculēs fīnem fēcit, Pȳthia iussit eum ad urbem Tīryntha2 discēdere et ibi rēgī Eurystheō sēsē committere. Quae3 ubi audīvit, Herculēs ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurystheō sē in servitūtem trādidit et dīxit, “Quid prīmum, Ō rēx, mē facere iubēs?” Eurystheus, quī perterrēbātur vī et corpore ingentī Herculis et eum occidī4 studēbat, ita respondit: “Audī, Herculēs! Multa mira5 nārrantur dē leōne saevissimō quī hōc tempore in valle Nemaeā omnia vāstat. Iubeō tē, virōrum omnium fortissimum, illō mōnstrō hominēs līberāre.” Haec verba Herculī maximē placuērunt. “Properābo,” inquit, 200 “et parēbō imperiō6 tuō.” Tum in silvās in quibus leō habitābat statim iter fēcit. Mox feram vīdit et plūrīs impetūs fēcit; frūstrā tamen, quod neque sagittīs neque ūllō aliō tēlō mōnstrum vulnerāre potuit. Dēnique Herculēs saevum leōnem suīs ingentibus bracchiīs rapuit et faucīs eius omnibus vīribus compressit. Hōc modō brevī tempore eum interfēcit. Tum corpus leōnis ad oppidum in umerīs reportāvit et pellem posteā prō7 veste gerēbat. Omnēs autem quō eam regiōnem incolēbant, ubi fāmam dē morte leōnis ingentis accēpērunt, erant laetissimī et Herculem laudābant verbīs amplissimīs.

1. Eu-rys´theus (pronounced U-ris´thūs) was king of Tī´ryns, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric times.

2. Tīryntha, the acc. case of Tīryns, a Greek noun.

3. Quae, obj. of audīvit. It is placed first to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a connecting relative.

4. occīdī, pres. pass. infin.

5. mīra, marvelous things, the adj. being used as a noun. Cf. omnia, in the next line.

6. imperiō, § 501. 14.

7. prō, for, instead of.

LVI. SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA

Deinde Herculēs ab Eurystheō iussus est Hydram occīdere. Itaque cum amīcō Iolāō1 contendit ad palūdem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolēbat. Hoc autem mōnstrum erat serpēns ingēns quae novem capita habēbat. Mox is mōnstrum repperit et summō2 cum perīculō collum eius sinistrā manū rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextrā manū capita novem abscīdere incēpit, sed frūstrā labōrābat, quod quotiēns hoc fēcerat totiēns alia nova capita vidēbat. Quod3 ubi vīdit, statuit capita ignī cremāre. Hōc modō octō capita dēlēvit, sed extrēmum caput vulnerārī nōn potuit, quod erat immortāle. Itaque illud sub ingentī saxō Herculēs posuit et ita victōriam reportāvit.

1. Iolāō, abl. of I-o-lā´us, the hero’s best friend.

2. Note the emphatic position of this adjective.

3. Quod ubi, when he saw this, another instance of the connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.

LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR

Postquam Eurystheō mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad sē reportāre cervum quendam; nam minimē cupīvit tantum virum in rēgnō suō tenēre. Hie autem cervus dīcēbātur aurea cornua et pedēs multō1 celeriōrēs ventō2 habēre. Prīmum Herculēs vestīgia animālis petīvit, deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vīdit, omnibus vīribus currere incēpit. Per plūrimōs diēs contendit nec noctū cessāvit. Dēnique postquam per 201 tōtum annum cucurrerat—ita dīcitur—cervum iam dēfessum cēpit et ad Eurystheum portāvit.

Tum vērō iussus est Herculēs aprum quendam capere quī illō tempore agrōs Erymanthiōs vāstābat et hominēs illīus locī magnopere perterrēbat. Herculēs laetē negōtium suscēpit et in Arcadiam celeriter sē recēpit. Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vīdit, statim quam3 celerrimē fūgit et metū perterritus in fossam altam sēsē abdidit. Herculēs tamen summā cum difficultāte eum extrāxit, nec aper ūllō modō sēsē līberāre potuit, et vīvus ad Eurystheum portātus est.

1. multō, § 501. 27.

2. ventō, § 501. 34.

3. quam. What is the force of quam with a superlative?

LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS

Deinde Eurystheus Herculī hunc labōrem multō graviōrem imperāvit. Augēās1 quīdam, quī illō tempore rēgnum Ēlidis2 obtinēbat, tria mīlia boum3 habēbat. Hī4 ingentī stabulō continēbantur. Hoc stabulum, quod per trīgintā annōs nōn pūrgātum erat, Herculēs intrā spatium ūnīus diēī pūrgāre iussus est. llle negōtium alacriter suscēpit, et prīmum labōre gravissimō maximam fossam fōdit per quam flūminis aquam dē montibus ad mūrum stabulī dūxit. Tum partem parvam mūrī dēlēvit et aquam in stabulum immīsit. Hōc modō fīnm operis fēcit ūnō diē facillimē.

Post paucōs diēs Herculēs ad oppidum Stymphālum iter fēcit; nam Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphālidēs occīdere. Hae avēs rōstra ferrea habēbant et hominēs miserōs dēvorābant. Ille, postquam ad locum pervēnit, lacum vīdit in quō avēs incolēbant. Nūllō tamen modō Herculēs avibus adpropinquāre potuit; lacus enim nōn ex aquā sed ē līmō cōnstitit.5 Dēnique autem avēs 6dē aliquā causā perterritae in aurās volāvērunt et magna pars eārum sagittīs Herculis occīsa est.

1. Augēās, pronounced in English Aw-jē´as.

2. Ēlidis, gen. case of Ēlis, a district of Greece.

3. boum, gen. plur. of bōs. For construction see § 501. 11.

4. ingentī stabulō, abl. of means, but in our idiom we should say in a huge stable.

5. cōnstitit, from consto.

6. dē aliquā causā perterritae, frightened for some reason.

202 Hercules and the Cretan bull
HERCULES ET TAURUS

LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO EURYSTHEUS

Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portāre vīvum ex īnsulā Crētā taurum quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nāvem cōnscendit—nam ventus erat idōneus—atque statim solvit. Postquam trīduum nāvigavit, incolumis īnsulae adpropinquāvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parāta sunt, contendit ad eam regiōnem quam taurus vexābat. Mox taurum vīdit ac sine ūllō metū cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingentī labōre mōnstrum ad nāvem trāxit atque cum hāc praedā ex īnsulā discessit.

THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES

Postquam ex īnsulā Crētā domum pervēnit, Hercules ab Eurystheō in Thrāciam missus est. Ibi Diomēdēs quīdam, vir saevissimus, rēgnum obtinēbat et omnīs ā fīnibus suīs prohibēbat. Herculēs iussus erat equōs Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dūcere. Hī autem equī hominēs miserrimōs dēvorābant dē quibus rēx supplicium sūmere cupiēbat. Herculēs ubi pervēnit, prīmum equōs ā rēge postulāvit, sed rēx eōs dēdere recūsāvit. Deinde ille īrā commōtus rēgem occīdit et corpus eius equīs trādidit. Itaque is quī anteā multōs necāverat, ipse eōdem suppliciō necātus est. Et equī, nūper saevissima animālia, postquam dominī suī corpus dēvorāvērunt, mānsuētī erant.

203

LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS

Gēns Amāzonum1 dīcitur2 omnīnō ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virīs proelium committere nōn verēbantur. Hippolytē, Amāzonum rēgīna, balteum habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidēre fīlia Eurystheī vehementer cupiēbat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amāzonēs facere. Ille multīs cum cōpiīs nāvem cōnscendīt et paucis diēbus in Amāzonum fīnīs pervēnit, ac balteum postulāvit. Eum trādere ipsa Hipporytē quidem cupīvit; reliquīs tamen Amazonibus3 persuādēre nōn potuit. Postrīdiē Herculēs proelium commīsit. Multās hōrās utrimque quam fortissimē pugnātum est Dēnique tamen mulieres terga vertērunt et fugā salūtem petiērunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in quō numerō erat ipsa Hippolytē. Herculēs postquam balteum accēpit, omnibus captīvīs lībertātem dedit.

1. A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.

2. omnīnō, etc., to have consisted entirely of women.

3. Amāzonibus, § 501. 14.

THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS

Hercules and Cerberus
HERCULES ET CERBERUS

Iamque ūnus modo ē duodecim labōribus relinquēbātur sed inter omnīs hic erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum4 ex Orcō in lūcem trahere. Ex Orcō autem nēmō anteā reverterat. Praetereā Cerberus erat mōnstrum maximē horribile et tria capita habēbat. Herculēs postquam imperia Eurystheī accēpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum dēscendit. Ibi vērō nōn sine summō periculō Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingentī cum labōre ex Orcō in lūcem et adurbem Eurystheī trāxit.

Sic duodecim laborēs illī5 intrā duodecim annōs cōnfectī sunt. Dēmum post longam vītam Herculēs ā deīs receptus est et Iuppiter fīliō suō dedit immortālitātem.

4. The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode of the dead.

5. illī, those famous.

204

P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY1

LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II

P. Cornēlius Lentulus,2 adulēscēns Rōmānus, amplissimā familiā3 nātus est; nam pater eius, Mārcus, erat dux perītissimus, cuius virtūte4 et cōnsiliō multae victōriae reportātae erant; atque mater eius, lūlia, ā clārissimīs maiōribus orta est. Nōn vērō in urbe sed rūrī5 Pūblius nātus est, et cum mātre habitābat in vīllā quae in maris lītore et sub radīcibus magnī montis sita erat. Mōns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompēiī octō mīlia6 passuum7 aberat. In Italiā antīquā erant plūrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hās omnīs nūlla erat pulchrior quam villa Mārcī Iūliaeque. Frōns vīllae mūrō a maris fluctibus mūniēbātur. Hinc mare et lītora et īnsulae longē lātēque cōnspicī8 ac saepe nāvēs longae et onerāriae poterant. Ā tergō et ab utrōque latere agrī ferācissimī patēbant. Undique erat magna variōrum flōrum cōpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestāte9 umbram 205 dēfessīs agricolīs grātissimam adferēbant. Praetereā erant1 in agrīs stabulīsque multa animālium genera, nōn sōlum equī et bovēs sed etiam rārae avēs. Etiam erat10 magna piscīna plēna piscium; nam Rōmānī piscīs dīligenter colēbant.

Roman boys
PUERI ROMANI

1. This story is fiction with certain historical facts in Cæsar’s career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.

2. A Roman had three names, as, Pūblius (given name), Cornēlius (name of the gēns or clan), Lentulus (family name).

3. Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of separation (§ 501. 32).

4. virtūte, § 501. 24.

5. rūrī, § 501. 36. 1.

6. mīlia, § 501. 21.

7. passuum, § 501. 11.

8. cōnspicī, infin. with poterant, § 215. Consult the map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.

9. aestāte, § 501. 35.

10. How are the forms of sum translated when they precede the subject?

LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM

Huius vīllae Dāvus, servus Mārcī, est vīlicus1 et cum Lesbiā uxōre omnia cūrat. Vīlicus et uxor in casā humilī, mediīs in agrīs sitā, habitant. Ā prīmā lūce ūsque ad vesperum sē2 gravibus labōribus exercent ut omnī rēs bene gerant.3 Plūrima enim sunt officia Dāvī et Lesbiae. Vīlicus servōs regit nē tardī sint4; mittit aliōs quī agrōs arent,4 aliōs quī hortōs inrigent,4 et opera in5 tōtum diem impōnit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestīmenta parat, cibum coquit, pānem facit.

Roman cottage
CASA ROMANA

Nōn longē ab hōrum casā et in summō colle situm surgēbat domicilium ipsīus dominī dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plūrīs annōs6 Pūblius cum mātre vītam fēlīcem agēbat; nam pater eius, Mārcus, in terrīs longinquīs gravia reī pūblicae bella gerēbat nec domum7 revertī poterat. Neque puerō quidem molestum est rūrī8 vīvere. Eum multae rēs dēlectant. Magnopere amat silvās, agrōs, equōs, bovēs, gallīnās, avīs, reliquaque animālia. Saepe plūrīs hōrās9 ad mare sedet quō9 melius fluctūs et nāvīs spectet. Nec omnīnō sine comitibus erat, quod Lȳdia, Dāvī fīlia, quae erat eiusdem aetātis, cum eō adhūc infante lūdēbat, inter quōs cum annīs amīcitia crēscēbat. Lȳdia nūllum alium ducem dēligēbat et Pūblius ab puellae latere rārō 206 discēdēbat. Itaque sub clārō Italiae sōle Pūblius et Lȳdia, amīcī fidēlissimī, per campōs collīsque cotīdiē vagābantur. Modo in silvā fīnitimā lūdebant ubi Pūblius sagittīs10 celeribus avis dēiciēbat et Lȳdia corōnīs variōrum flōrum comās suās ōrnābat; modo aquam et cibum portābant ad Dāvum servōsque dēfessōs quī agrōs colēbant: modo in casā parvā aut hōrās lactās in lūdō cōnsūmēbant aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virō et servīs parābat vel aliās rēs domesticās agēbat.

1. The vīlicus was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce.

2. se, reflexive pron., object of exercent.

3. For the construction, see § 501. 40.

4. in, for.

5. annōs, § 501. 21.

6. domum, § 501. 20.

7. rūrī, § 501. 36. 1.

8. hōrās, cf. annōs, line 17.

9. quō ... spectet, §§ 349, 350.

10. sagittis, § 501. 24.

LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM

Iam Pūblius1 decem annōs habēbat cum M. Cornēlius Lentulus, pater eius, quī quīnque annōs2 grave bellum in Asiā gerēbat, non sine glōriā domum3 revertēbātur. Namque multa secunda proelia fēcerat, maximās hostium cōpiās dēlēverat, multās urbīs populo4 Rōmānō inimīcās cēperat. Primum nūntius pervēnit quī ā Lentulō5 missus erat6 ut profectiōnem suam nūntiāret. Deinde plūrīs diēs7 reditum virī optimī māter fīliusque exspectābant et animīs8 sollicitis deōs immortālīs frūstrā colēbant. Tum dēmum hās litterās summo cum gaudiō accēpērunt:

9“Mārcus Iūliae suac salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Ex Graeciā, quō10 praeter spem et opīniōnem hodiē pervēnī, hās litterās ad tē scribō. Namque nāvis nostra frācta est; nōs autem—11dīs est gratia—incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae12 portū nāvem lēnī ventō solvimus. Postquam13 altum mare tenuimus 14nec iam ūllae terrae appāruērunt, caelum undique et undique fluctūs, subitō magna tempestās coorta est et nāvem vehementissimē adflīxit. Ventīs fluctibusque 207 adflīctātī15 nec sōlem discernere nec cursum tenēre poterāmus et omnia praesentem mortem intentābant. Trīs diēs16 et trīs noctīs16 sine rēmīs vēlīsque agimur. Quārtō diē17 prīmum terra vīsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nōn longē ā lītore aberant, dēiectī sumus. Tum vērō maiōra perīcula timēbāmus; sed nauta quīdam, vir fortissimus, ex nāve in fluctūs īrātōs dēsiluit 18ut fūnem ad lītus portāret; quam rem summō labōre vix effēcit. Ita omnēs servātī sumus. Grātiās igitur et honōrem Neptūnō dēbēmus, quī deus nōs ē perīculō ēripuit. Nunc Athēnīs19 sum, quō cōnfūgī ut mihi paucās hōrās ad quiētem darem.20 Quam prīmum autem aliam nāvem condūcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cōnficiam et domum21 ad meōs cārōs revertar. Salūtā nostrum Pūblium amīcissimē et valētūdinem tuam cūrā dīligenter. 22Kalendīs Mārtiīs.”

1. was ten years old.

2. annōs, § 501. 21.

3. domum, § 501. 20.

4. populō, dat. with inimīcās, cf. § 501. 16.

5. Lentulō, § 501. 33.

6. ut ... nūntiāret, § 501. 40.

7. diēs, cf. annōs, 1. 9.

8. animīs, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?

9. This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression Sī valēs, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the letter.

10. quō, where.

11. dīs est grātia, thank God, in our idiom.

12. Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia Minor.

13. altum mare tenuimus, we were well out to sea.

14. nec iam, and no longer.

16. adflīctātī, perf. passive part. tossed about.

16. What construction?

17. diē, § 501. 35.

18. ut ... portāret, § 501. 40.

19. Athēnīs, § 501. 36. 1.

20. darem, cf. portāret, l. 6.

21. Why not ad domum?

22. Kalendīs Mārtiīs, the Calends or first of March; abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.

LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER

Post paucōs diēs nāvis M. Cornēlī Lentulī portum Mīsēnī1 petiit, quī portus nōn longē ā Pompēiīs situs est; quō in portū classis Rōmānā pōnēbātur et ad pugnās nāvālīs ōrnābātur. Ibi nāvēs omnium generum cōnspicī poterant. Iamque incrēdibilī celeritāte nāvis longa quā Lentulus vehēbātur lītorī adpropinquāvit; nam nōn sōlum ventō sed etiam rēmīs impellēbātur. In altā puppe stābat gubernātor et nōn procul aliquī mīlitēs Rōmānī cum armīs splendidīs, inter quōs clārissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde servī rēmīs contendere cessāvērunt2; nautae vēlum contrāxērunt et ancorās iēcērunt. Lentulus statim ē nāvī ēgressus est et3 ad villam suam properāvit. Eum Iūlia, Pūblius, tōtaque familia excēpērunt. 4Quī complexūs, quanta gaudia fuērunt!

Postrīdiē eius diēī Lentulus fīliō suō dīxit, “Venī, mī Pūblī, mēcum. 208 Pompēiōs iter hodiē faciam. Māter tua suādet5 ut frūctūs et cibāria emam. Namque plūrīs amīcōs ad cēnam vocāvimus et multīs rēbus6 egēmus. Ea hortātur ut quam prīmum proficīscāmur.” “Libenter, mī pater,” inquit Pūblius. “Tēcum esse mihi semper est grātum; nec Pompēiōs umquam vīdī. Sine morā proficīscī parātus sum.” Tum celeriter currum cōnscendērunt et ad urbis mūrōs vectī sunt. Stabiānā portā7 urbem ingressī sunt. Pūblius strātās viās mīrātur et saxa altiōra quae in mediō disposita erant et altās orbitās quās rotae inter haec saxa fēcerant. Etiam strepitum mīrātur, multitūdinem, carrōs, fontīs, domōs, tabernās, forum8 cum statuīs, templīs, reliquīsque aedificiīs pūblicīs.

1. Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map of Italy.

2. Why is the infinitive used with cessāvērunt?

3. See Plate I, Frontispiece.

4. Observe that these words are exclamatory.

5. What construction follows suādeō? § 501. 41.

6. rēbus, § 501. 32.

7. This is the abl. of the way by which motion takes place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street (saxa quae in mediō disposita erant).

8. The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.

LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII

Apud forum ē currū dēscendērunt et Lentulus dīxit, “Hīc sunt multa tabernārum genera, mī Pūblī. Ecce, trāns viam est popīna! 1Hoc genus tabernārum cibāria vēndit. Frūctūs quoque ante iānuam stant. Ibi cibāria mea emam.” “Optimē,” respondit Pūblius. “At ubi, mī pater, crūstula emere possumus? Namque māter nōbīs imperāvit 2ut haec quoque parārēmus. Timeō ut3 ista popīna vēndat crūstula.” “Bene dīcis,” inquit Lentulus. “At nōnne vidēs illum fontem ā dextrā ubi aqua per leōnis caput fluit? In illō ipsō locō est taberna pīstōris quī sine dubiō vēndit crūstula.”

Brevī tempore4 omnia erant parāta, iamque 5quīnta hōra erat. Deinde Lentulus et fīlius ad caupōnam properāvērunt, quod famē6 et 209 sitī7 urgēbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrā sēdērunt et puerō imperāvērunt ut sibi8 cibum et vīnum daret. Huic imperiō9 puer celeriter pāruit. Tum laetī sē10 ex labōre refēcērunt.

Post prandium prefectī sunt ut alia urbis spectācula vidērent. Illō tempore fuērunt Pompēiīs11 multa templa, duo theātra, thermae magnumque amphitheātrum, quae omnia post paucōs annōs flammīs atque incendiīs Vesuvī et terrae mōtū dēlēta sunt. Ante hanc calamitātem autem hominēs 1nihil dē monte veritī sunt. In amphitheātrō quidem Pūblius morārī cupīvit ut spectācula gladiātōria vidēret, quae in13 illum ipsum diem prōscrīpta erant et iam 15rē vērā incēperant. Sed Lentulus dīxit, “Morārī, Pūblī, 16vereor ut possīmus. Iam decima hōra est et via est longa. Tempus suādet ut quam prīmum domum revertāmur.” Itaque servō imperāvit ut equōs iungeret, et sōlis occāsū16 ad vīllam pervēnērunt.

1. We say, this kind of shop; Latin, this kind of shops.

2. ut ... parārēmus, § 501. 41.

3. How is ut translated after a verb of fearing? How nē? Cf. § 501. 42.

4. tempore, § 501. 35.

5. quīnta hōra. The Romans numbered the hours of the day consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long or short, into twelve equal parts.

6. famē shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. ending -e is long.

7. sitis, thirst, has -im in the acc. sing., -ī in the abl. sing., and no plural.

8. Observe that the reflexive pronoun sibi does not here refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called indirect use of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.

9. What case? Cf. § 501. 14.

10. sē, cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.

11. Pompēiīs, § 501. 36. 1.

12. nihil ... veritī sunt, had no fears of the mountain.

13. in, for.

14. rē vērā, in fact.

15. vereor ut, § 501. 42.

16. occāsū, § 501. 35.

LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON

Ā prīmīs annīs quidem Iūlia ipsa fīlium suum docuerat, et Pūblius nōn sōlum 1pūrē et Latīnē loquī poterat sed etiam commodē legēbat et scrībēbat. Iam Ennium2 aliōsque poētās lēgerat. Nunc vērō Pūblius 3duodecim annōs habēbat; itaque eī pater bonum magistrum, 4virum omnī doctrīnā et virtūte ōrnātissimum, parāvit, 5quī Graeca, mūsicam, aliāsque artīs docēret. 6Namque illīs temporibus omnēs ferē gentēs Graecē loquēbantur. Cum Pūbliō aliī puerī, Lentulī amīcōrum 210 fīliī,7 discēbant. Nam saepe apud Rōmānōs mōs erat 8nōn in lūdum fīliōs mittere sed domī per magistrum docēre. Cotīdiē discipulī cum magistrō in peristȳlō9 Mārcī domūs sedēbant. Omnēs puerī bullam auream, orīginis honestae signum, in collō gerēbant, et omnēs togā praetextā amictī erant, 10quod nōndum sēdecim annōs11 nātī sunt.

1. pūrē ... poterat, freely, could speak Latin well. What is the literal translation?

2. Ennium, the father of Latin poetry.

3. duodecim ... habēbat, cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.

4. virum, etc., a very well-educated and worthy man. Observe the Latin equivalent.

5. quī ... docēret, a relative clause of purpose. Cf. §§ 349, 350.

6. In Cæsar’s time Greek was spoken more widely in the Roman world than any other language.

7. fīliī, in apposition with puerī.

8. nōn ... mittere. This infinitive clause is the subject of erat. Cf. § 216. The same construction is repeated in the next clause, domī ... docēre. The object of docēre is fīliōs understood.

9. The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade.

10. At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the bulla and the toga praetexta and assumed toga virīlis or manly gown.

11. annōs, § 501. 21. The expression nōndum sēdecim annōs nātī sunt means literally, they were born not yet sixteen years. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English equivalent?

SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION

woman with tablet and stylus
TABULA ET STILUS

Discipulī. Salvē, magister.

Magister. Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. 1Tabulāsne portāvistis et stilōs?

D. Portāvimus.

M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī2 discēmus. Ego legam, vōs in tabulīs scrībite. Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā3 Aesōpī volūmen.4 Iam audīte omnēs: Vulpēs et Ūva.

Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit. Ad ūvam saliēbat, sūmere cōnāns. Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre cessāns dīxit: “Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam 5nihil moror.”

Omnia´ne scrīpsistis, puerī?

D. Omnia, magister.

1. Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.

2. Aesōpī, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of the fables current in the ancient world.

3. A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped like a hatbox.

4. Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus.

5. nihil moror, I care nothing for.

211

LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION

Iamque Pūblius, 1quīndecim annōs nātus, 2prīmīs litterārum elementīs cōnfectīs, Rōmam petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum frequentāret. Et facillimē patrī3 suō, qui ipse philosophiae studiō tenēbātur, persuāsit. Itaque 4omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs vectī5 ad magnam urbem profectī sunt. Eōs proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. Tum per loca6 plāna et collis silvīs vestītōs viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō excēpit. Nōlae7 duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl merīdiānus ārdēbat. Tum rēctā viā8 circiter vīgintī mīlia9 passuum9 Capuam,9 ad īnsignem Campāniae urbem, contendērunt. Eō10 multā nocte dēfessī pervēnērunt. 11Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et cibō recreātī, Capuā discessērunt et 13viam Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prīmā lūce proficīscentēs Formiās13 properāvērunt, ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs benignē excēpit. Hinc 14itinere vīgintī quīnque mīlium passuum factō, Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs situm, vīdērunt. Iamque nōn longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa mīlia passuum undique patent. Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Itaque 15equīs relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā nocte in trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. Tum brevī tempore Arīcia eōs excēpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle 212 situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim mīlia passuum abest. Inde dēclivis via ūsque ad latum campum dūcit ubi Rōma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et Rōmam adhūc remōtam, maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, summā admīrātiōne et gaudiō adfectus est. Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, mediō intervāllō quam celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī sunt.

1. quīndecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.

2. prīmīs ... cōnfectīs, abl. abs. Cf. § 501. 28.

3. patrī, dat. with persuāsit.

4. omnibus ... comparātīs, cf. note 2.

5. vectī, perf. pass. part. of vehō.

6. What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?

7. Nōlae, locative case, § 501. 36.2.

8. viā, cf. portā, p. 208, l. 7, and note.

9. What construction?

10. Eō, adv. there.

11. Postrīdiē eius diēī, on the next day.

12. viam Appiam, the most famous of all Roman roads, the great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that follow.

13. Formiās, Formiæ, one of the most beautiful spots on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.

14. itinere ... factō, abl. abs. The gen. mīlium modifies itinere.

15. equīs relictīs. What construction? Point out a similar one in the next line.

LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS

Bulla
BULLA

Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur1 multaque urbis spectācula vīderat et multōs sibi2 amīcōs parāverat. Eī3 omnēs favēbant; 4dē eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et grammaticōrum tantō studiō frequentābat 5ut aliīs clārum exemplum praebēret. Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā6; quae rēs effēcit 7ut summōs reī pūblicae virōs et audīret et vidēret. Ubi 8sēdecim annōs natus est, bullam9 auream et togam praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. Virīlis autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine habēbat. 10Dēpōnere togam praetextam et sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō, quod posteā vir et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur.

11Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam hās litterās scrīpsit:

12“Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Accēpī tuās litterās. Hās nunc Rōmā per servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. Nam hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī. Ante lucem surrēxī13 et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius 213 remōvī. Hāc Laribus14 cōnsecrātā et sacrīs factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī. Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum clientium pervēnerant 15quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Ibi in cīvitātem receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs Rōmānōs ascrīptum est. Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna16 de eō praedīcunt. Sapientior enim aequālibus17 est et magnum ingenium habet. 18Cūrā ut valeās.”

1. morābātur, translate as if pluperfect.

2. sibi, for himself.

3. Eī, why dat.?

4. dē ... poterant, in English, all regarded him as a very promising youth; but what does the Latin say?

5. ut ... praebēret, § 501. 43.

6. cūriā, a famous building near the Roman Forum.

7. ut ... audīret et vidēret, § 501. 44.

8. sēdecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.

9. bullam, cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.

10. These infinitive clauses are the subject of erat. Cf. § 216.

11. Hīs rēbus gestīs, i.e. the assumption of the toga virilis and attendant ceremonies.

12. Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page 206.

13. surrēxī, from surgō.

14. The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.

15. quī ... dēdūcerent, § 350.

16. magna, great things, a neuter adj. used as a noun.

17. aequālibus, § 501. 34.

18. Cūrā ut valeās, take good care of your health. How does the Latin express this idea?

LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL

Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū1 armōrum sē2 dīligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. Iamque erant 3quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine causā, quod certē patris īsigne exemplum 4ita multum trahēbat. 5Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur 6ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quārtō diē postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō autem veritus est ut7 castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant. Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur, et ita per hostium cōpiās incolumis ad castra 214 pervenīre potuit. Intrā mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum 8tribūnum mīlītum creāvit.

1. Abl. of means.

2. sē, reflexive object of exercuit.

3. quī ... praedīcerent, § 501. 45.

4. ita multum trahēbat, had a great influence in that direction.

5. Paucīs ante annīs, a few years before; in Latin, before by a few years, ante being an adverb and annīs abl. of degree of difference.

6. ut ... faceret, § 501. 41.

7. ut, how translated here? See § 501. 42.

8. The military tribune was a commissioned officer nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much responsibility.

military baggage
IMPEDIMENTA

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs circumdatus est. 1Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant 2ut imperātor ipse cum plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs3 prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta4 tōtīus exercitūs 215 conlocābant. 5Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs 6quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra7 in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum 8in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam 9quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. 10Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

1. Quae perīcula, object of vītārent. It is placed first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.

2. ut ... dūceret, § 501. 43.

3. expedītīs, i.e. without baggage and ready for action.

4. impedīmenta. Much of the baggage was carried in carts and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each soldier (unless expedītus) carried a heavy pack. See also picture, p. 159.

5. The newest legions were placed in the rear, because they were the least reliable.

6. quī ... posset ... esset, § 501. 45.

7. castra, subject of pōnēbantur.

8. in armīs erant, stood under arms.

9. quō ... essent. When is quō used to introduce a purpose clause? See § 350. I.

10. Tālibus in castrīs quālia, in such a camp as. It is important to remember the correlatives tālis ... quālis, such ... as.

LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS

centurion
CENTURIO

Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs,1 fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte2 cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō3 factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, 4cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs5 vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.” Haec6 cum dīxisset, 216 extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima 7vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō8 sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis9 morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.

Tum vēro 10eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cōnfestim 11ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed īnstāns cupidius12 īnfēlīx, 13pede sē fallente, concidit.

Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs, plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam iūdicāre potuit.

1. A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.

2. virtūte, § 501. 30.

3. Abl. of manner.

4. cum ... vidērentur, § 501. 46.

5. tardiōrēs, too slow, a not infrequent translation of the comparative degree.

6. Haec, obj. of dīxisset. It is placed before cum to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the construction of dīxisset?

7. vidēbatur, inrūpit. Why is the imperfect used in one case and the perfect in the other? Cf. § 190.

8. vāllō, abl. of means, but in English we should say within the rampart. Cf. ingentī stabulō, p. 201, l. 13, and note.

9. cōnantis, pres. part. agreeing with eius.

10. eī labōrantī, indir. obj. of dat.

11. ā Pullōne, from Pullo, abl. of separation.

12. cupidius, too eagerly.

13. pede sē fallente, lit. the foot deceiving itself; in our idiom, his foot slipping.

LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED

Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset1 ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent1, atque hostēs ācrius instārent,1 et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent,1 Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, 217 suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,2 et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.2 3Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs4 ut spatium pīla coniciendī5 nōn darētur. Itaque reiectīs pīlīs 6comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer 7multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. 8Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus9 auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt hostēs10 et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.

1. pugnātum esset, dēficerent, īnstārent, incēpissent. These are all subjunctives with cum. Cf. § 501. 46.

2. intermitterent, ērumperent. What use of the subjunctive?

3. Quod, etc., they do as ordered. The antecedent of quod is id understood, which would be the object of faciunt.

4. ut ... darētur. Is this a clause of purpose or of result?

5. coniciendī, § 402.

6. comminus gladiīs pugnātum est, a hand-to-hand conflict was waged with swords.

7. multitūdine suōrum, by their numbers. suōrum is used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?

8. Id imperātor. Id is the obj. and imperātor the subj. of animadvertisset.

9. labōrantibus. This participle agrees with iīs understood, the indir. obj. of daret; qui ... daret is a purpose clause, § 501. 40.

10. hostēs, subj. of potuērunt.

LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS

Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre,1 et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre1 obsidēsque 2inter sē dare,1 atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.1 Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī,3 ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere.3 218 4Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab utrōque5 rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium 6cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur7; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.7

Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, 8cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur 9ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille10 dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est 11huius Germāniae 12quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum13 cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum14 articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō15 cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.16 Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.17”

1. Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after certior fīēbat, he was informed, and cognōscēbat, he learned. Cf. § 501.48, 49.

2. inter sē, to each other.

3. proficīscī, mittere. These infinitives depend upon cōnstituit.

4. Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.

5. Abl. of personal agent, § 501. 33.

6. cōpiās cōgendī, § 501. 37. 1.

7. darētur, audēret, § 501. 43. audēret is not from audiō.

8. cum ... morārētur, § 501. 46.

9. ut ... posset, ... scīret, § 501. 43.

10. Ille, subj. of inquit.

11. huius Germāniae, of this part of Germany.

12. quī ... scīat ... adierit, § 501. 45.

13. ūnum, only one.

14. crūrum, from crūs.

15. prō, for, in place of.

16. elephantīs, § 501. 34.

17. parcunt. What case is used with this verb?

LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY

Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus1 in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs2 eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre 219 nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs3 bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs4 altō. Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum5 latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, 6cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs 7ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.

siege shed
VINEA

Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.8 Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint9; vīneae10 fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī11 parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta12 administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde 13agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum 220 vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt,14 signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.

1. morātus. Is this part. active or passive in meaning?

2. Gallōs, subj. acc. of the infins. recūsāvisse and nōluisse. The indirect statement depends upon molestē ferēbat.

3. eīs, § 501. 15.

4. pedēs, § 501. 21.

5. tantum, adv. only.

6. cum ... esset, a clause of concession, § 501. 46.

7. ad oppugnandum, a gerund expressing purpose.

8. haec, as follows.

9. possint, subjv. of purpose. Three similar constructions follow.

10. vīneae. These vīneae were wooden sheds, open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.

11. pluteī, large screens or shields with small wheels attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving up to a city or while serving the engines of war.

12. tormenta. The engines of war were chiefly the catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective.

13. The agger, or mound, was of chief importance in a siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers. Over or beside the agger a tower was moved up to the wall, often with a battering-ram (aries) in the lowest story. (See picture, p. 221.)

14. perfrēgērunt, from perfringō.

LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED

BALLISTA

Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium 1oppidī expugnandī ineant.2 Tum ūnus3 ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit4 facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus5 et turrim prōmoveāmus5 atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.5” 6Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā7 tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Neque oppidānīs8 cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē 221 pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, 9dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī10 praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem11 mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.

1. oppidī expugnandī. Is this a gerund or a gerundive construction? Cf. § 501. 37.

2. ineant. § 501. 50.

3. ūnus. subj. of inquit.

4. sit. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which means that the clause beginning with ubi stands in such close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with ut, that its verb is attracted into the same mood.

5. All these verbs are in the same construction.

6. Hoc cōnsilium, subj. of placēret. For the order cf. Haec cum, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; Id imperātor cum, p. 217, l. 8.

7. memoriā, abl. of means.

8. oppidānīs, § 501. 15.

9. Between twelve and three o’clock in the morning. The night was divided into four watches.

10. operī, § 501. 15.

11. partem, subj. acc. of concidisse.

siege towers, battering rams, siege shed
TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA

Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, 12captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium13 addūcuntur. Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat:14 Vōs quī estis15?

Interpres. Rogat imperātor quī sītis.

Captīvī. Fīliī rēgis sumus.

Interpres. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis.

Imperātor. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis?

Interpres. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis.

Captīvī. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.

Interpres. 16Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum gessisse. 17Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse.

222 Imperātor. 18Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne condōnātā?

Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.

12. captīvōrum ... sunt, the noblest of the captives.

13. The general’s headquarters.

14. Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and indirect statements.

15. See Plate III, p. 148.

16. Negant, etc., they say that they have not, etc. Negant is equivalent to dīcunt nōn, and the negative modifies intulisse, but not the remainder of the indirect statement.

17. Semper, etc., that they have always, etc.

18. Manēbitisne in fidē, will you remain loyal?

LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY · THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA

Nē cōnfectō1 quidem bellō Gallicō, 2bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem3 iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne4 initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.

Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē 5rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium6 pervēnit, inde 7paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.

Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum8 in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus 223 esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs9 10ante proelium commissum Labiēnus11 lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “12Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs13 neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in 14citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec15 cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. 16Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.

Item Caesar, animō17 ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus 18praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod19 ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,20 quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum21 dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.

1. With nē ... quidem the emphatic word stands between the two.

2. The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between Cæsar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of Pompey and the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the Roman world.

3. hostem, predicate accusative, § 501. 22.

4. The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the boundary of Cæsar’s province. By crossing it with an armed force Cæsar declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.

5. rēbus Caesaris favēbant, favored Cæsar’s side. In what case is rēbus?

6. Brundisium, a famous port in southern Italy whence ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.

7. paucīs post diēbus, a few days later; literally, afterguards by a few days. Cf. paucīs ante annīs, p. 213, l. 12, and note.

7. The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.

8. Quōs, obj. of adlocūtus est.

10. ante proelium commissum, before the beginning of the battle.

11. Labiēnus, Cæsar’s most faithful and skillful lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 B.C., he deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.

12. Nōlīte exīstimāre, don´t think.

13. proeliīs, § 501. 15.

14. citeriōre Galliā. This name is applied to Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.

15. Haec, obj. of dīxisset.

16. Hoc idem, obj. of iūrāvērunt.

17. animō, § 501. 30.

18. praesidiō castrīs, § 501. 17.

19. Quod, obj. of animadvertit.

20. aciem, subj. of prōcurrere.

21. impetum, obj. of sustinēre.

224

LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR

standard-bearer
SIGNIFER

Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et 1extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. 2Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit 3ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. 4Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, 5quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus 6sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.

lictors with fasces
LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS

Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus 7togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream 225 tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs8 laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī,9 dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs10 bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.

Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul11 captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem,12 interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.

Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre13 iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.

15Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.

1. A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military honors.

2. Quō diē, on the day that, abl. of time.

3. ut ... essent, § 501. 43.

4. Cum ... intrāret, § 501. 46.

5. quī ... immolārentur, § 501. 40.

6. The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always followed by triumphal processions.

7. The toga picta worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, p. 213.

8. The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their shoulders they carried the fasces, a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.

9. dēmissō vultū, with downcast countenance.

10. vīnctīs, from vinciō.

12. Simul, etc., At the same time those of the captives who were the noblest.

12. The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the Capitoline Hill.

13. valēre iussit, bade farewell to.

14. This sentence marks the end of the story.

226

APPENDIX I

DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.

NOUNS

460. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.

First Declension—Ā-stems, Gen. Sing. -ae

Second Declension—O-stems, Gen. Sing. -ī

Third Declension—Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is

Fourth Declension—U-stems, Gen. Sing. -ūs

Fifth Declension—Ē-stems, Gen. Sing. -ē̆ī

461. FIRST DECLENSION. Ā-STEMS

	domina, lady Stem dominā- Base domin-
	Singular		Plural
		TERMINATIONS		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	domina	-a	dominae	-ae
Gen.	dominae	-ae	dominārum	-ārum
Dat.	dominae	-ae	dominīs	-īs
Acc.	dominam	-am	dominās	-ās
Abl.	dominā	-ā	dominīs	-īs

a. Dea and fīlia have the termination -ābus in the dative and ablative plural.

227 462. SECOND DECLENSION. O-STEMS

a. Masculines in -us

	dominus, master Stem domino- Base domin-
	Singular		Plural
		TERMINATIONS		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	dominus	-us	dominī	-ī
Gen.	dominī	-ī	dominōrum	-ōrum
Dat.	dominō	-ō	dominīs	-īs
Acc.	dominum	-um	dominōs	-ōs
Abl.	dominō	-ō	dominīs	-īs

1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e´ in the vocative singular, as domine.

2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in -ī in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as Vergi´lī, fīlī.

b. Neuters in -um

	pīlum, spear Stem pīlo- Base pīl-
	Singular		Plural
		TERMINATIONS		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	pīlum	-um	pīla	-a
Gen.	pīlī	-ī	pīlōrum	-ōrum
Dat.	pīlō	-ō	pīlīs	-īs
Acc.	pīlum	-um	pīla	-a
Abl.	pīlō	-ō	pīlīs	-īs

1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in -ī in the genitive singular, not in -iī, and the accent rests on the penult.

c. Masculines in -er AND -ir

	puer, boy	ager, field	vir, man
Stems	puero-	agro-	viro-
Bases	puer-	agr-	vir-
	Singular			TERMINATIONS
Nom.	puer	ager	vir	—
Gen.	puerī	agrī	virī	-ī
Dat.	puerō	agrō	virō	-ō
Acc.	puerum	agrum	virum	-um
Abl.	puerō	agrō	virō	-ō
228	Plural
Nom.	puerī	agrī	virī	-ī
Gen.	puerōrum	agrōrum	virōrum	-ōrum
Dat.	puerīs	agrīs	virīs	-īs
Acc.	puerōs	agrōs	virōs	-ōs
Abl.	puerīs	agrīs	virīs	-īs

463. THIRD DECLENSION.

CLASSIFICATION	I. Consonant Stems	1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only. 2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: a. masculines and feminines; b. neuters.
II. I-Stems.	Masculines, feminines, and neuters.

CLASSIFICATION

I. Consonant Stems

1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only.

2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: a. masculines and feminines; b. neuters.

II. I-Stems.

Masculines, feminines, and neuters.

464. I. CONSONANT STEMS

1. Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only

	prīnceps, m., chief	mīles, m., soldier	lapis, m., stone
Bases or Stems	prīncip-	mīlit-	lapid-
	Singular			TERMINATIONS
Nom.	prīnceps	mīles	lapis	-s
Gen.	prīn´cipis	mīlitis	lapidis	-is
Dat.	prīn´cipī	mīlitī	lapidī	-ī
Acc.	prīn´cipem	mīlitem	lapidem	-em
Abl.	prīn´cipe	mīlite	lapide	-e
	Plural
Nom.	prīn´cipēs	mīlitēs	lapidēs	-ēs
Gen.	prīn´cipum	mīlitum	lapidum	-um
Dat.	prīnci´pibus	mīlitibus	lapidibus	-ibus
Acc.	prīn´cipēs	mīlitēs	lapidēs	-ēs
Abl.	prīnci´pibus	mīlitibus	lapidibus	-ibus

	rēx, m., king	iūdex, m., judge	virtūs, f., manliness
Bases or Stems	rēg-	iūdic-	virtūt-
Nom.	rēx	iūdex	virtūs	-s
Gen.	rēgis	iūdicis	virtū´tis	-is
Dat.	rēgī	iūdicī	virtū´tī	-ī
Acc.	rēgem	iūdicem	virtū´tem	-em
Abl.	rēge	iūdice	virtū´te	-e
	Plural
Nom.	rēgēs	iūdicēs	virtū´tēs	-ēs
Gen.	rēgum	iūdicum	virtū´tum	-um
Dat.	rēgibus	iūdicibus	virtū´tibus	-ibus
Acc.	rēgēs	iūdicēs	virtū´tēs	-ēs
Abl.	rēgibus	iūdicibus	virtū´tibus	-ibus

Note. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 233. 3.

2. Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular

a. Masculines and Feminines

	cōnsul, m., consul	legiō, f., legion	ōrdō, m., row	pater, m., father
Bases or Stems	cōnsul-	legiōn-	ōrdin-	patr-
	Singular				TERMINATIONS
Nom.	cōnsul	legiō	ōrdō	pater	—
Gen.	cōnsulis	legiōnis	ōrdinis	patris	-is
Dat.	cōnsulī	legiōnī	ōrdinī	patrī	-ī
Acc.	cōnsulem	legiōnem	ōrdinem	patrem	-em
Abl.	cōnsule	legiōne	ōrdine	patre	-e
	Plural
Nom.	cōnsulēs	legiōnēs	ōrdinēs	patrēs	-ēs
Gen.	cōnsulum	legiōnum	ōrdinum	patrum	-um
Dat.	cōnsulibus	legiōnibus	ōrdinibus	patribus	-ibus
Acc.	cōnsulēs	legiōnēs	ōrdinēs	patrēs	-ēs
Abl.	cōnsulibus	legiōnibus	ōrdinibus	patribus	-ibus

Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 236. 1-3.

230 b. Neuters

	flūmen, n., river	tempus, n., time	opus, n., work	caput, n., head
Bases or Stems	flūmin-	tempor-	oper-	capit-
	Singular				TERMINATIONS
Nom.	flūmen	tempus	opus	caput	—
Gen.	flūminis	temporis	operis	capitis -is	-is
Dat.	flūminī	temperī	operī	capitī	-ī
Acc.	flūmen	tempus	opus	caput	—
Abl.	flūmine	tempore	opere	capite	-e
	Plural
Nom.	flūmina	tempora	opera	capita	-a
Gen.	flūminum	temporum	operum	capitum	-um
Dat.	flūminibus	temporibus	operibus	capitibus	-ibus
Acc.	flūmina	tempora	opera	capita	-a
Abl.	flūminibus	temporibus	operibus	capitibus	-ibus

Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 238. 2, 3.

465. II. I-STEMS

a. Masculines and Feminines

	caedēs, f., slaughter	hostis, m., enemy	urbs, f., city	cliēns, m., retainer
Stems	caedi-	hosti-	urbi-	clienti-
Bases	caed-	host-	urb-	client-
	Singular				TERMINATIONS
Nom.	caedēs	hostis	urbs	cliēns	-s, -is, or -ēs
Gen.	caedis	hostis	urbis	clientis	-is
Dat.	caedī	hostī	urbī	clientī	-ī
Acc.	caedem	hostem	urbem	clientem	-em (-im)
Abl.	caede	hoste	urbe	cliente	-e (-ī)
	Plural
Nom.	caedēs	hostēs	urbēs	clientēs	-ēs
Gen.	caedium	hostium	urbium	clientium	-ium
Dat.	caedibus	hostibus	urbibus	clientibus	-ibus
Acc.	caedīs, -ēs	hostīs, -ēs	urbīs, -ēs	clientīs, -ēs	-īs, -ēs
Abl.	caedibus	hostibus	urbibus	clientibus	-ibus

1. Avis, cīvis, fīnis, ignis, nāvis, have the abl. sing. in -ī or -e.

2. Turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrī or turre.

231 b. Neuters

	īnsigne, n., decoration	animal, n., animal	calcar, n., spur
Stems	īnsigni-	animāli-	calcāri-
Bases	īnsign-	animāl-	calcār-
	Singular			TERMINATIONS
Nom.	īnsigne	animal	calcar	-e or —
Gen.	īnsignis	animālis	calcāris	-is
Dat.	īnsignī	animālī	calcārī	-ī
Acc.	īnsigne	animal	calcar	-e or —
Abl.	īnsignī	animālī	calcārī	-ī
	Plural
Nom.	īnsignia	animālia	calcāria	-ia
Gen.	īnsignium	animālium	calcārium	-ium
Dat.	īnsignibus	animālibus	calcāribus	-ibus
Acc.	īnsignia	animālia	calcāria	-ia
Abl.	īnsignibus	animālibus	calcāribus	-ibus

466. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. U-STEMS

	adventus, m., arrival	cornū, n., horn
Stems	adventu-	cornu-
Bases	advent-	corn-
	Singular		TERMINATIONS
	Singular		MASC.	NEUT.
Nom.	adventus	cornū	-us	-ū
Gen.	adventūs	cornūs	-ūs	-ūs
Dat.	adventuī (ū)	cornū	-uī (ū)	-ū
Acc.	adventum	cornū	-um	-ū
Abl.	adventū	cornū	-ū	-ū
	Plural
Nom.	adventūs	cornua	-ūs	-ua
Gen.	adventuum	cornuum	-uum	-uum
Dat.	adventibus	cornibus	-ibus	-ibus
Acc.	adventūs	cornua	-ūs	-ua
Abl.	adventibus	cornibus	-ibus	-ibus

232 467. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. Ē-STEMS

	diēs, m., day	rēs, f. thing
Stems	diē-	rē-
Bases	di-	r-
	Singular		TERMINATIONS
Nom.	diēs	rēs	-ēs
Gen.	diēī	reī	-ē̆ī
Dat.	diēī	reī	-ē̆ī
Acc.	diem	rem	-em
Abl.	diē	rē	-ē
	Plural
Nom.	diēs	rēs	-ēs
Gen.	diērum	rērum	-ērum
Dat.	diēbus	rēbus	-ēbus
Acc.	diēs	rēs	-ēs
Abl.	diēbus	rēbus	-ēbus

468. SPECIAL PARADIGMS

Singular
	deus, m., god	domus, f., house	vīs, f., strength	iter, n., way
Stems	deo-	domu-	vī- and vīri-	iter- and itiner-
Bases	de-	dom-	v- and vīr-	iter- and itiner-
Nom.	deus	domus	vīs	iter
Gen.	deī	domūs	vīs (rare)	itineris
Dat.	deō	domuī, -ō	vī (rare)	itinerī
Acc.	deum	domum	vim	iter
Abl.	deō	domō, -ū	vī	itinere
Plural
Nom.	deī, dī	domūs	vīrēs	itinera
Gen.	deōrum, deum	domuum, -ōrum	vīrium	itinerum
Dat.	deīs, dīs	domibus	vīribus	itineribus
Acc.	deōs	domōs, -ūs	vīrīs, -ēs	itinera
Abl.	deīs, dīs	domibus	vīribus	itineribus

a. The vocative singular of deus is like the nominative.

b. The locative of domus is domī.

233

ADJECTIVES

469. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. O- AND Ā-STEMS

a. Adjectives in -us

Singular
bonus, good Stems bono- m. and n., bona- f. Base bon-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	bonus	bona	bonum
Gen.	bonī	bonae	bonī
Dat.	bonō	bonae	bonō
Acc.	bonum	bonam	bonum
Abl.	bonō	bonā	bonō
Plural
Nom.	bonī	bonae	bona
Gen.	bonōrum	bonārum	bonōrum
Dat.	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs
Acc.	bonōs	bonās	bona
Abl.	bonīs	bonīs	bonīs

b. Adjectives in -er

Singular
līber, free Stems lībero- m. and n., līberā- f. Base līber-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	līber	lībera	līberum
Gen.	līberī	līberae	līberī
Dat.	līberō	līberae	līberō
Acc.	līberum	līberam	līberum
Abl.	līberō	līberā	līberō
Plural
Nom.	līberī	līberae	lībera
Gen.	līberōrum	līberārum	līberōrum
Dat.	līberīs	līberīs	līberīs
Acc.	līberōs	līberās	lībera
Abl.	līberīs	līberīs	līberīs

234

Singular
pulcher, pretty Stems pulchro- m. and n., pulchrā- f. Base pulchr-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	pulcher	pulchra	pulchrum
Gen.	pulchrī	pulchrae	pulchrī
Dat.	pulchrō	pulchrae	pulchrō
Acc.	pulchrum	pulchram	pulchrum
Abl.	pulchrō	pulchrā	pulchrō
Plural
Nom.	pulchrī	pulchrae	pulchra
Gen.	pulchrōrum	pulchrārum	pulchrōrum
Dat.	pulchrīs	pulchrīs	pulchrīs
Acc.	pulchrōs	pulchrās	pulchra
Abl.	pulchrīs	pulchrīs	pulchrīs

470. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

alius, another Stems alio- m. and n., aliā- f. Base ali-
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	alius	alia	aliud	aliī	aliae	alia
Gen.	alīus	alīus	alīus	aliōrum	aliārum	aliōrum
Dat.	aliī	aliī	aliī	aliīs	aliīs	aliīs
Acc.	alium	aliam	aliud	aliōs	aliās	alia
Abl.	aliō	aliā	aliō	aliīs	aliīs	aliīs

ūnus, one, only Stems ūno- m. and n., ūnā- f. Base ūn-
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	ūnus	ūna	ūnum	ūnī	ūnae	ūna
Gen.	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnīus	ūnōrum	ūnārum	ūnōrum
Dat.	ūnī	ūnī	ūnī	ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs
Acc.	ūnum	ūnam	ūnum	ūnōs	ūnās	ūna
Abl.	ūnō	ūnā	ūnō	ūnīs	ūnīs	ūnīs

a. For the complete list see § 108.

235 471. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. I-STEMS

I. THREE ENDINGS

	ācer, ācris, ācre, keen, eager			Stem ācri- Base ācr-
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	ācer	ācris	ācre	ācrēs	ācrēs	ācria
Gen.	ācris	ācris	ācris	ācrium	ācrium	ācrium
Dat.	ācrī	ācrī	ācrī	ācribus	ācribus	ācribus
Acc.	ācrem	ācrem	ācre	ācrīs, -ēs	ācrīs, -ēs	ācria
Abl.	ācrī	ācrī	ācrī	ācribus	ācribus	ācribus

II. TWO ENDINGS

	omnis, omne, every, all		Stem omni- Base omn-
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	omnis	omne	omnēs	omnia
Gen.	omnis	omnis	omnium	omnium
Dat.	omnī	omnī	omnibus	omnibus
Acc.	omnem	omne	omnīs, -ēs	omnia
Abl.	omnī	omnī	omnibus	omnibus

III. ONE ENDING

	pār, equal Stem pari- Base par-
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	pār	pār	parēs	paria
Gen.	paris	paris	parium	parium
Dat.	parī	parī	paribus	paribus
Acc.	parem	pār	parīs, -ēs	paria
Abl.	parī	parī	paribus	paribus

1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have -ī in the ablative singular.

This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag on the page.

236 472. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

	amāns, loving Stem amanti- Base amant-
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	amāns	amāns	amantēs	amantia
Gen.	amantis	amantis	amantium	amantium
Dat.	amantī	amantī	amantibus	amantibus
Acc.	amantem	amāns	amantīs, -ēs	amantia
Abl.	amante, -ī	amante, -ī	amantibus	amantibus

	iēns, going Stem ienti-, eunti- Base ient-, eunt-
Nom.	iēns	iēns	euntēs	euntia
Gen.	euntis	euntis	euntium	euntium
Dat.	euntī	euntī	euntibus	euntibus
Acc.	euntem	iēns	euntīs, -ēs	euntia
Abl.	eunte, -ī	eunte, -ī	euntibus	euntibus

473. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive	Comparative		Superlative
MASC.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
altus (alto-)	altior	altius	altissimus	-a	-um
līber (lībero-)	līberior	līberius	līberrimus	-a	-um
pulcher (pulchro-)	pulchrior	pulchrius	pulcherrimus	-a	-um
audāx (audāci-)	audācior	audācius	audācissimus	-a	-um
brevis (brevi-)	brevior	brevius	brevissimus	-a	-um
ācer (ācri-)	ācrior	ācrius	ācerrimus	-a	-um

474. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES

altior, higher
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	altior	altius	altiōrēs	altiōra
Gen.	altiōris	altiōris	altiōrum	altiōrum
Dat.	altiōrī	altiōrī	altiōribus	altiōribus
Acc.	altiōrem	altius	altiōrēs	altiōra
Abl.	altiōre	altiōre	altiōribus	altiōribus
237
plūs, more
Nom.	——	plūs	plūrēs	plūra
Gen.	——	plūris	plūrium	plūrium
Dat.	——	——	plūribus	plūribus
Acc.	——	plūs	plūrīs (-ēs)	plūra
Abl.	——	plūre	plūribus	plūribus

475. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
bonus, -a, -um, good	melior, melius, better	optimus, -a, -um, best
malus, -a, -um, bad	peior, peius, worse	pessimus, -a, -um, worst
magnus, -a, -um, great	maior, maius, greater	maximus, -a, -um, greatest
multus, -a, -um, much	——, plūs, more	plūrimus, -a, -um, most
parvus, -a, -um, small	minor, minus, smaller	minimus, -a, -um, smallest
senex, senis, old	senior	maximus nātū
iuvenis, -e, young	iūnior	minimus nātū
vetus, veteris, old	vetustior, -ius	veterrimus, -a, -um
facilis, -e, easy	facilior, -ius	facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, difficult	difficilior, -ius	difficillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, similar	similior, -ius	simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, dissimilar	dissimilior, -ius	dissimillimus, -a, -um
humilis, -e, low	humilior, -ius	humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, slender	gracilior, -ius	gracillimus, -a, -um
exterus, outward	exterior, outer, exterior	extrēmus extimus	outermost, last
īnferus, below	īnferior, lower	īnfimus īmus	lowest
posterus, following	posterior, later	postrēmus postumus	last
superus, above	superior, higher	suprēmus summus	highest
[cis, citrā, on this side]	citerior, hither	citimus, hithermost
[in, intrā, in, within]	interior, inner	intimus, inmost
[prae, prō, before]	prior, former	prīmus, first
[prope, near]	propior, nearer	proximus, next
[ultrā, beyond]	ulterior, further	ultimus, furthest

238

476. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
cārē (cārus), dearly	cārius	cārissimē
miserē (miser), wretchedly	miserius	miserrimē
ācriter (ācer), sharply	ācrius	ācerrimē
facile (facilis), easily	facilius	facillimē

477. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
diū, long, a long time	diūtius	diūtissimē
bene (bonus), well	melius, better	optimē, best
male (malus), ill	peius, worse	pessimē, worst
magnopere, greatly	magis, more	maximē, most
multum (multus), much	plūs, more	plūrimum, most
parum, little	minus, less	minimē, least
saepe, often	saepīus	saepissimē

478. NUMERALS

The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting ūnus, duo, trēs, the hundreds above one hundred, and mīlle used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like bonus, -a, -um.

	Cardinals		Ordinals
	(How many)		(In what order)
1,	ūnus, -a, -um,	one	prīmus, -a, -um	first
2,	duo, duae, duo	two	secundus (or alter)	second
3,	trēs, tria	three,	tertius	third,
4,	quattuor	etc.	quārtus	etc.
5,	quīnque		quīntus
6,	sex		sextus
7,	septem		septimus
8,	octō		octāvus
9,	novem		nōnus
10,	decem		decimus
11,	ūndecim		ūndecimus
12,	duodecim		duodecimus
13,	tredecim (decem (et) trēs)		tertius decimus
14,	quattuordecim		quārtus decimus
15, 239	quīndecim		quīntus decimus
16,	sēdecim		sextus decimus
17,	septendecim		septimus decimus
18,	duodēvīgintī (octōdecim)		duodēvīcēnsimus
19,	ūndēvīgintī (novendecim)		ūndēvīcēnsimus
20,	vīgintī		vīcēnsimus
21,	vīgintī ūnus or ūnus et vīgintī, etc.		vīcēnsimus prīmus or ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc.
30,	trīgintā		trīcēnsimus
40,	quadrāgintā		quadrāgēnsimus
50,	quīnquāgintā		quīnquāgēnsimus
60,	sexāgintā		sexāgēnsimus
70,	septuāgintā		septuāgēnsimus
80,	octōgintā		octōgēnsimus
90,	nōnāgintā		nōnāgēnsimus
100,	centum		centum
101,	centum (et) ūnus, etc.		centum (et) ūnus, etc.
120,	centum (et) vīgintī		centum (et) vīgintī
121,	centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.		centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, etc.
200,	ducentī, -ae, -a		ducentī, -ae, -a
300,	trecentī		trecentī
400,	quadringentī		quadringentī
500,	quīngentī		quīngentī
600,	sescentī		sescentī
700,	septingentī		septingentī
800,	octingentī		octingentī
900,	nōngentī		nōngentī
1000,	mīlle		mīlle

479. Declension of duo, two, trēs, three, and mīlle, a thousand.

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	M. and F.	Neut.	Sing.	Plur.
N.	duo	duae	duo	trēs	trīa	mīlle	mīlia
G.	duōrum	duārum	duōrum	trium	trium	mīlle	mīlium
D.	duōbus	duābus	duōbus	tribus	tribus	mīlle	mīlibus
A.	duōs or duo	duās	duo	trīs or trēs	tria	mīlle	mīlia
A.	duōbus	duābus	duōbus	tribus	tribus	mīlle	mīlibus

Note. Mīlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of ūnus cf. § 470.

240

PRONOUNS

480. PERSONAL

	ego, I		tū, you		suī, of himself, etc.
	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.	Sing.	Plur.
Nom.	ego	nōs	tū	vōs	——	——
Gen.	meī	nostrum, -trī	tuī	vestrum, -trī	suī	suī
Dat.	mihi	nōbīs	tibi	vōbīs	sibi	sibi
Acc.	mē	nōs	tē	vōs	sē, sēsē	sē, sēsē
Abl.	mē	nōbīs	tē	vōbīs	sē, sēsē	sē, sēsē

Note that suī is always reflexive.

481. DEMONSTRATIVE

Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings -ī̆us and -ī in the gen. and dat. sing.

ipse, self
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	ipse	ipsa	ipsum	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Gen.	ipsī´us	ipsī´us	ipsī´us	ipsōrum	ipsārum	ipsōrum
Dat.	ipsī	ipsī	ipsī	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs
Acc.	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum	ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
Abl.	ipsō	ipsā	ipsō	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs

hic, this (here), he
Nom.	hic	haec	hoc	hī	hae	haec
Gen.	huius	huius	huius	hōrum	hārum	hōrum
Dat.	huic	huic	huic	hīs	hīs	hīs
Acc.	hunc	hanc	hoc	hōs	hās	haec
Abl.	hōc	hāc	hōc	hīs	hīs	hīs

iste, this, that (of yours), he
Nom.	iste	ista	istud	istī	istae	ista
Gen.	istī´us	istī´us	istī´us	istōrum	istārum	istōrum
Dat.	istī	istī	istī	istīs	istīs	istīs
Acc.	istum	istam	istud	istōs	istās	ista
Abl.	istō	istā	istō	istīs	istīs	istīs
241
ille, that (yonder), he
Nom.	ille	illa	illud	illī	illae	illa
Gen.	illī´us	illī´us	illī´us	illōrum	illārum	illōrum
Dat.	illī	illī	illī	illīs	illīs	illīs
Acc.	illum	illam	illud	illōs	illās	illa
Abl.	illō	illā	illō	illīs	illīs	illīs

is, this, that, he
Nom.	is	ea	id	iī, eī	eae	ea
Gen.	eius	eius	eius	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dat.	eī	eī	eī	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs
Acc.	eum	eam	id	eōs	eās	ea
Abl.	eō	eā	eō	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs	iīs, eīs

īdem, the same
Nom.	īdem	e´adem	idem	iī´dem eī´dem	eae´dem	e´adem
Gen.	eius´dem	eius´dem	eius´dem	eōrun´dem	eārun´dem	eōrun´dem
Dat.	eī´dem	eī´dem	eī´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem
Acc.	eun´dem	ean´dem	idem	eōs´dem	eās´dem	e´adem
Abl.	eō´dem	eā´dem	eō´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem	iīs´dem eīs´dem

Note. In the plural of is and īdem the forms with two i’s are preferred, the two i’s being pronounced as one.

482. RELATIVE

quī, who, which, that
	Singular			Plural
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quī	quae	quod	quī	quae	quae
Gen.	cuius	cuius	cuius	quōrum	quārum	quōrum
Dat.	cui	cui	cui	quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quem	quam	quod	quōs	quās	quae
Abl.	quō	quā	quō	quibus	quibus	quibus

242 483. INTERROGATIVE

quis, substantive, who, what
	Singular		Plural
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quis	quid	qui	quae	quae
Gen.	cuius	cuius	quōrum	quārum	quōrum
Dat.	cui	cui	quibus	quibus	quibus
Acc.	quem	quid	quōs	quās	quae
Abl.	quō	quō	quibus	quibus	quibus

The interrogative adjective quī, quae, quod, is declined like the relative.

484. INDEFINITES

quis and quī, as declined above,1 are used also as indefinites (some, any). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and quī.

quisque, each
	Substantive		Adjective
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quisque	quidque	quisque	quaeque	quodque
Gen.	cuius´que	cuius´que	cuius´que	cuius´que	cuius´que
Dat.	cuique	cuique	cuique	cuique	cuique
Acc.	quemque	quidque	quemque	quamque	quodque
Abl.	quōque	quōque	quōque	quāque	quōque

1. qua is generally used instead of quae in the feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural.

485. quīdam, a certain one, a certain

Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the substantive quiddam.

Singular
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quīdam	quaedam	quoddam quiddam (subst.)
Gen.	cuius´dam	cuius´dam	cuius´dam
Dat.	cuidam	cuidam	cuidam
Acc.	quendam	quandam	quoddam quiddam (subst.)
Abl.	quōdam	quādam	quōdam
243 Plural
Nom.	quīdam	quaedam	quaedam
Gen.	quōrun´dam	quārun´dam	quōrun´dam
Dat.	quibus´dam	quibus´dam	quibus´dam
Acc.	quōsdam	quāsdam	quaedam
Abl.	quibus´dam	quibus´dam	quibus´dam

486. quisquam, substantive, any one (at all)

	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	quisquam	quicquam (quidquam)
Gen.	cuius´quam	cuius´quam
Dat.	cuiquam	cuiquam
Acc.	quemquam	quicquam (quidquam)
Abl.	quōquam	quōquam

487. aliquis, substantive, some one. aliquī, adjective, some

Singular
	Substantive		Adjective
	MASC. AND FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	aliquis	aliquid	aliquī	aliqua	aliquod
Gen.	alicu´ius	alicu´ius	alicu´ius	alicu´ius	alicu´ius
Dat.	alicui	alicui	alicui	alicui	alicui
Acc.	aliquem	aliquid	aliquem	aliquam	aliquod
Abl.	aliquō	aliquō	aliquō	aliquā	aliquō

Plural for both Substantive and Adjective
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
Nom.	aliquī	aliquae	aliqua
Gen.	aliquō´rum	aliquā´rum	aliquō´rum
Dat.	ali´quibus	ali´quibus	ali´quibus
Acc.	aliquōs	aliquās	aliqua
Abl.	ali´quibus	ali´quibus	ali´quibus

a. quis (quī), any one, any, is the least definite (§ 297. b). aliquis (aliquī), some one, some, is more definite than quis. quisquam, any one (at all), and its adjective ūllus, any, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison.

244

REGULAR VERBS

488. FIRST CONJUGATION. Ā-VERBS. AMŌ

Principal Parts amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
Pres. Stem amā- Perf. Stem amāv- Part. Stem amāt-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I love, am loving, do love, etc.		I am loved, etc.
amō	amāmus	amor		amāmur
amās	amātis	amāris, -re		amāminī
amat	amant	amātur		amantur
IMPERFECT
I loved, was loving, did love, etc.		I was loved, etc.
amābam	amābāmus	amābar		amābāmur
amābās	amābātis	amābāris, -re		amābāminī
amābat	amābant	amābātur		amābantur
FUTURE
I shall love, etc.		I shall be loved, etc.
amābō	amābimus	amābor		amābimur
amābis	amābitis	amāberis, -re		amābiminī
amābit	amābunt	amābitur		amābuntur
PERFECT
I have loved, loved, did love, etc.		I have been (was) loved, etc.
amāvi	amāvimus	amātus, -a, -um	sum	amātī, -ae, -a	sumus
amāvistī	amāvistis		es		estis
amāvit	amāvērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had loved, etc.		I had been loved, etc.
amāveram	amāverāmus	amātus, -a, -um	eram	amātī, -ae, -a	erāmus
amāverās	amāverātis		erās		erātis
amāverat	amāverant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have loved, etc.		I shall have been loved, etc.
amāverō	amāverimus	amātus, -a, -um	erō	amātī, -ae, -a	erimus
amāveris	amāveritis		eris		eritis
amāverit	amāverint		erit		erunt
245 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
amem	amēmus	amer		amēmur
amēs	amētis	amēris, -re		amēminī
amet	ament	amētur		amentur
IMPERFECT
amārem	amāremus	amārer		amārēmur
amārēs	amārētis	amārēris, -re		amārēminī
amāret	amārent	amārētur		amārentur
PERFECT
amāverim	amāverimus	amātus, -a, -um	sim	amātī, -ae, -a	sīmus
amāveris	amāveritis		sīs		sītis
amāverit	amāverint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
amāvissem	amāvissēmus	amātus, -a, -um	essem	amātī, -ae, -a	essēmus
amāvissēs	amāvissētis		essēs		essētis
amāvisset	amāvissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
amā, love thou		amāre, be thou loved
amāte, love ye		amāminī, be ye loved
FUTURE
amātō, thou shalt love		amātor, thou shalt be loved
amātō, he shall love		amātor, he shall be loved
amātōte, you shall love		——
amantō, they shall love		amantor, they shall be loved
INFINITIVE
Pres. amāre, to love		amārī, to be loved
Perf. amāvisse, to have loved		amātus, -a, -um esse, to have been loved
Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to love		[amātum īrī], to be about to be loved
PARTICIPLES
Pres. amāns, -antis, loving		Pres. ——
Fut. amātūrus, -a, -um, about to love		Gerundive1 amandus, -a, -um, to be loved
Perf. ——		Perf. amātus, -a, -um, having been loved, loved
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. amandī, of loving		Acc. [amātum], to love
Dat. amandō, for loving		Abl. [amātū], to love, in the loving
Acc. amandum, loving
Abl. amandō, by loving

1. Sometimes called the future passive participle.

246 489. SECOND CONJUGATION. Ē-VERBS. MONEŌ

Principal Parts moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
Pres. Stem monē- Perf. Stem monu- Part. Stem monit-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I advise, etc.,		I am advised, etc.
moneō	monēmus	moneor		monēmur
monēs	monētis	monēris, -re		monēminī
monet	monent	monētur		monentur
IMPERFECT
I was advising, etc.,		I was advised, etc.
monēbam	monēbāmus	monēbar		monēbāmur
monēbās	monēbātis	monēbāris, -re		monēbāminī
monēbat	monēbant	monēbātur		monēbāntur
FUTURE
I shall advise, etc.,		I shall be advised, etc.
monēbō	monēbimus	monēbor		monēbimur
monēbis	monēbitis	monēberis, -re		monēbiminī
monēbit	monēbunt	monēbitur		monēbuntur
PERFECT
I have advised, I advised, etc.		I have been (was) advised, etc.
monuī	monuimus	monitus, -a, -um	sum	monitī, -ae, -a	sumus
monuistī	monuistis		es		estis
monuit	monuērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had advised, etc.,		I had been advised, etc.
monueram	monuerāmus	monitus, -a, -um	eram	monitī, -ae, -a	erāmus
monuerās	monuerātis		eras		eratis
monuerat	monuerant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have advised, etc.		I shall have been advised, etc.
monuerō	monuerimus	monitus, -a, -um	erō	monitī, -ae, -a	erimus
monueris	monuerītis		eris		eritis
monuerit	monuerīnt		erit		erunt
247 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
moneam	moneāmus	monear		moneāmur
moneās	moneātis	moneāris, -re		moneāminī
moneat	moneant	moneātur		moneantur
IMPERFECT
monērem	monērēmus	monērer		monērēmur
monērēs	monērētis	monērēris, -re		monērēminī
monēret	monērent	monērētur		monērentur
PERFECT
monuerim	monuerimus	monitus, -a, -um	sim	monitī, -ae, -a	sīmus
monueris	monueritis		sīs		sītis
monuerit	monuerint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
monuissem	monuissēmus	monitus, -a, -um	essem	monitī, -ae, -a	essēmus
monuissēs	monuissētis		essēs		essētis
monuisset	monuissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
monē, advise thou		monēre, be thou advised
monēte, advise ye		monēminī, be ye advised
FUTURE
monētō, thou shall advise		monētor, thou shalt be advised
monētō, he shall advise		monētor, he shall be advised
monētōte, you shall advise		——
monentō, they shall advise		monentor, they shall be advised
INFINITIVE
Pres. monēre, to advise		monērī, to be advised
Perf. monuisse, to have advised		monitus, -a, -um esse, to have been advised
Fut. monitūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to advise		[monitum īrī], to be about to be advised
PARTICIPLES
Pres. monēns, -entis, advising		Pres. ——
Fut. monitūrus, -a, -um, about to advise		Ger. monendus, -a, -um, to be advised
Perf. ——		Perf. monitus, -a, -um, having been advised, advised
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. monendī, of advising		Acc. [monitum], to advise
Dat. monendō, for advising		Abl. [monitū], to advise, in the advising
Acc. monendum, advising
Abl. monendō, by advising

248 490. THIRD CONJUGATION. Ĕ-VERBS. REGŌ

Principal Parts regō, regere, rexī, rēctus
Pres. Stem rege- Perf. Stem rēx- Part. Stem rēct-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I rule, etc.		I am ruled, etc.
regō	regimus	re´gor		re´gimur
regis	regitis	re´geris, -re		regi´minī
regit	regunt	re´gitur		regun´tur
IMPERFECT
I was ruling, etc.		I was ruled, etc.
regēbam	regēbāmus	regē´bar		regēbā´mur
regēbās	regēbātis	regēbā´ris, -re		regēbā´minī
regēbat	regēbant	regēbā´tur		regēban´tur
FUTURE
I shall rule, etc.		I shall be ruled, etc.
regam	regēmus	re´gar		regē´mur
regēs	regētis	regē´ris, -re		regē´minī
reget	regent	regē´tur		regen´tur
PERFECT
I have ruled, etc.		I have been ruled, etc.
rēxī	rēximus	rēctus, -a, -um	sum	rēctī, -ae, -a	sumus
rēxistī	rēxistis		es		estis
rēxit	rēxērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had ruled, etc.		I had been ruled, etc.
rēxeram	rēxerāmus	rēctus, -a, -um	eram	rēctī, -ae, -a	erāmus
rēxerās	rēxerātis		erās		erātis
rēxerat	rēxerant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have ruled, etc.		I shall have been ruled, etc.
rēxerō	rēxerimus	rēctus, -a, -um	erō	rēctī, -ae, -a	erimus
rēxeris	rēxeritis		eris		eritis
rēxerit	rēxerint		erit		erunt
249 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam	regāmus	regar		regāmur
regās	regātis	regāris, -re		regāminī
regat	regant	regātur		regantur
IMPERFECT
regerem	regerēmus	regerer		regerēmur
regerēs	regerētis	regerēris, -re		regerēminī
regeret	regerent	regerētur		regerentur
PERFECT
rēxerim	rēxerimus	rēctus, -a, -um	sim	rēctī, -ae, -a	sīmus
rēxeris	rēxeritis		sīs		sītis
rēxerit	rēxerint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
rēxissem	rēxissēmus	rēctus, -a, -um	essem	rēctī, -ae, -a	essēmus
rēxissēs	rēxissētis		essēs		essētis
rēxisset	rēxissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege, rule thou		regere, be thou ruled
regite, rule ye		regiminī, be ye ruled
FUTURE
regitō, thou shalt rule		regitor, thou shalt be ruled
regitō he shall rule		regitor, he shall be ruled
regitōte, ye shall rule		——
reguntō, they shall rule		reguntor, they shall be ruled
INFINITIVE
Pres. regere, to rule		regī, to be ruled
Perf. rēxisse, to have ruled		rēctus, -a, -um esse, to have been ruled
Fut.rēctūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to rule		[rēctum īrī], to be about to be ruled
PARTICIPLES
Pres. regēns, -entis, ruling		Pres. ——
Fut. rēctūrus, -a, -um, about to rule		Ger. regendus, -a, -um, to be ruled
Perf. ——		Perf. rēctus, -a, -um, having been ruled, ruled
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. regendī, of ruling		Acc [rēctum], to rule
Dat. regendō, for ruling		Abl. [rēctū], to rule, in the ruling
Acc. regendum, ruling
Abl. regendō, by ruling

250 491. FOURTH CONJUGATION. Ī-VERBS. AUDIŌ

Principal Parts audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus
Pres. Stem audī- Perf. Stem audīv- Part. Stem audīt-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
I hear, etc.		I am heard, etc.
audiō	audīmus	au´dior		audī´mur
audīs	audītis	audī´ris, -re		audī´minī
audit	audiunt	audī´tur		audiun´tur
IMPERFECT
I was hearing, etc.		I was heard, etc.
audiēbam	audiēbāmus	audiē´bar		audiēbā´mur
audiēbās	audiēbātis	audiēbā´ris, -re		audiēbā´minī
audiēbat	audiēbant	audiēbā´tur		audiēban´tur
FUTURE
I shall hear, etc.		I shall be heard, etc.
audiam	audiēmus	au´diar		audiē´mur
audiēs	audiētis	audiē´ris, -re		audiē´minī
audiet	audient	audiē´tur		audien´tur
PERFECT
I have heard, etc.		I have been heard, etc.
audīvī	audīvimus	audītus, -a, -um	sum	audītī, -ae, -a	sumus
audīvistī	audīvistis		es		estis
audīvit	audīvērunt, -re		est		sunt
PLUPERFECT
I had heard, etc.		I had been heard, etc.
audīveram	audīverāmus	audītus, -a, -um	eram	audītī, -ae, -a	erāmus
audīverās	audīverātis		erās		erātis
audīverat	audīverant		erat		erant
FUTURE PERFECT
I shall have heard, etc.		I shall have been heard, etc.
audīverō	audīverimus	audītus, -a, -um	erō	audītī, -ae, -a	erimus
audīveris	audīveritis		eris		eritis
audīverit	audīverint		erit		erunt
251 SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam	audiāmus	audiar		audiāmur
audiās	audiātis	audiāris, -re		audiāminī
audiat	audiant	audiātur		audiantur
IMPERFECT
audīrem	audīrēmus	audīrer		audīrēmur
audīrēs	audīrētis	audīrēris, -re		audīrēminī
audīret	audīrent	audīrētur		audīrentur
PERFECT
audīverim	audiverimus	audītus, -a, -um	sim	audītī, -ae, -a	sīmus
audīveris	audiveritis		sīs		sītis
audīverit	audīverint		sit		sint
PLUPERFECT
audīvissem	audīvissēmus	audītus, -a, -um	essem	audītī, -ae, -a	essēmus
audīvissēs	audīvissētis		essēs		essētis
audīvisset	audīvissent		esset		essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
audī, hear thou		audīre, be thou heard
audīte, hear ye		audīminī, be ye heard
FUTURE
audītō, thou shalt hear		audītor, thou shalt be heard
audītō, he shall hear		audītor, he shall be heard
audītōte, ye shall hear		——
audiuntō, they shall hear		audiuntor, they shall be heard
INFINITIVE
Pres. audīre, to hear		audīrī, to be heard
audīvisse, to have heard		audītus, -a, -um esse, to have been heard
audītūrus, -a, -um esse, to be about to hear		[audītum īrī, to be about to be heard
PARTICIPLES
Pres. audiēns, -entis, hearing		Pres. ——
Fut. audītūrus, -a, -um, about to hear		Ger. audiendus, -a, -um to be heard
Perf. ——		Perf. audītus, -a, -um, having been heard, heard
GERUND
Nom. ——		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. audiendī, of hearing		Acc. [audītum], to hear
Dat. audiendō, for hearing		Abl. [audītu], to hear, in the hearing
Acc. audiendum, hearing
Abl. audiendō, by hearing

252 492. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN -IŌ. CAPIŌ

Principal Parts capiō, capere, cēpī, captus
Pres. Stem cape- Perf. Stem cēp- Part. Stem capt-
ACTIVE		PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capiō	capimus	ca´pior	ca´pimur
capis	capitis	ca´peris, -re	capi´minī
capit	capiunt	ca´pitur	capiun´tur
IMPERFECT
capiēbam	capiebamus	capiē´bar	capiēbā´mur
capiēbas	capiēbātis	capiēba´ris, -re	capiēbā´minī
capiēbat	capiēbant	capiēbā´tur	capieban´tur
FUTURE
capiam	capiēmus	ca´piar	capiē´mur
capiēs	capiētis	capiē´ris, -re	capiē´minī
capiet	capient	capiē´tur	capien´tur
PERFECT
cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc.		captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, etc.		captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, etc.		captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam, capiās, capiat, etc.		capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem, caperēs, caperet, etc.		caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc.
PERFECT
cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, etc.		captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēpissem, cēpissēs, cēpisset, etc.		captus,-a, -um essem, essēs, esset, etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d Pers. cape	capite	capere	capiminī
253 FUTURE
2d Pers. capitō	capitōte	capitor	——
3rd Pers. capitō	capiuntō	capitor	capiuntor
INFINITIVE
Pres. capere		capī
Perf. cēpisse		captus, -a, -um esse
Fut. captūrus, -a, -um esse		[captum īrī]
PARTICIPLES
Pres. capiēns, -ientis		Pres. ——
Fut. captūrus, -a, -um		Ger. capiendus, -a, -um
Perf. ——		Perf. captus, -a, -um
GERUND		SUPINE (Active Voice)
Gen. capiendī		Acc. [captum]
etc.		Abl. [captū]

493. DEPONENT VERBS

Principal Parts	I.	hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum, urge
	II.	vereor, verērī, veritus sum, fear
	III.	sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow
	IV.	partior, partīrī, partītus sum, share, divide

Note. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.

Indicative
Pres.	hortor	vereor	sequor	partior
	hortāris, -re	verēris, -re	sequeris, -re	partīris, -re
	hortātur	verētur	sequitur	partītur
	hortāmur	verēmur	sequimur	partīmur
	hortāminī	verēminī	sequiminī	partīminī
	hortantur	verentur	sequuntur	partiuntur
Impf.	hortābar	verēbar	sequēbar	partiēbar
Fut.	hortābor	verēbor	sequar	partiar
Perf.	hortātus sum	veritus sum	secūtus sum	partītus sum
Plup.	hortātus eram	veritus eram	secūtus eram	partītus eram
F. P.	hortātus erō	veritus erō	secūtus erō	partītus erō
254 Subjunctive
Pres.	horter	verear	sequar	partiar
Impf.	hortārer	verērer	sequerer	partīrer
Perf.	hortātus sim	veritus sim	secūtus sim	partītus sim
Plup.	hortātus essem	veritus essem	secūtus essem	partītus essem
Imperative
Pres.	hortāre	verēre	sequere	partīre
Fut.	hortātor	verētor	sequitor	partītor
Infinitive
Pres.	hortārī	verērī	sequī	partīrī
Perf.	hortātus esse	veritus esse	secūtus esse	partītus esse
Fut.	*hortātūrus esse	*veritūrus esse	*secūtūrus esse	*partītūrus esse
Participles
Pres.	*hortāns	*verēns	*sequēns	*partiēns
Fut.	*hortāturus	*veritūrus	*secūtūrus	*partītūrus
Perf.	hortātus	veritus	secūtus	partītus
Ger.	hortandus	verendus	sequendus	partiendus
Gerund
	*hortandī, etc.	*verendī, etc.	*sequendī, etc.	*partiendī, etc.
Supine
	[hortātus, -tū*]	[veritum, -tū*]	[secūtum, -tū*]	[partītum, -tū*]

IRREGULAR VERBS

494. sum, am, be

Indicative
Principal Parts sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
Pres. Stem es- Perf. Stem fu- Part. Stem fut-
Present
SINGULAR		PLURAL
sum, I am		sumus, we are
es, thou art		estis, you are
est, he (she, it) is		sunt, they are
Imperfect
eram, I was		erāmus, we were
erās, thou wast		erātis, you were
erat, he was		erant, they were
255 Future
erō, I shall be		erimus, we shall be
eris, thou wilt be		eritis, you will be
erit, he will be		erunt, they will be
Perfect
fuī, I have been, was		fuimus, we have been, were
fuistī, thou hast been, wast		fuistis, you have been, were
fuit, he has been, was		fuērunt, fuēre, they have been, were
Pluperfect
fueram, I had been		fuerāmus, we had been
fuerās, thou hadst been		fuerātis, you had been
fuerat, he had been		fuerant, they had been
Future Perfect
fuerō, I shall have been		fuerimus, we shall have been
fueris, thou wilt have been		fueritis, you will have been
fuerit, he will have been		fuerint, they will have been
Subjunctive
Present		Imperfect
SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
sim	sīmus	essem	essēmus
sīs	sītis	essēs	essētis
sit	sint	esset	essent
Perfect		Pluperfect
fuerim	fuerimus	fuissem	fuissēmus
fueris	fueritis	fuissēs	fuissētis
fuerit	fuerint	fuisset	fuissent
Imperative
PRESENT		FUTURE
2d Pers. Sing. es, be thou		2d Pers. Sing. estō, thou shalt be
2d Pers. Plur. este, be ye		3d Pers. Sing. estō, he shall be
2d Pers. Plur. estōte, ye shall be 3d Pers. Plur. suntō, they shall be
Infinitive		Participle
Pres. esse, to be
Perf. fuisse, to have been
Fut. futūrus, -a, -um esse or fore, to be about to be		futūrus, -a, -um, about to be

256 495. possum, be able, can

	Principal Parts possum, posse, potuī, ——
	Indicative		Subjunctive
	SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
Pres.	possum	pos´sumus	possim	possī´mus
	potes	potes´tis	possīs	possī´tis
	potest	possunt	possit	possint
Impf.	poteram	poterāmus	possem	possē´mus
Fut.	poterō	poterimus	——	——
Perf.	potuī	potuimus	potuerim	potuerimus
Plup.	potueram	potuerāmus	potuissem	potuissēmus
F. P.	potuerō	potuerimus	——	——
	Infinitive
	Pres. posse		Perf. potuisse
	Participle
	Pres. potens, gen. -entis, (adjective) powerful

496. prōsum, benefit

	Principal Parts prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus
	Pres. Stem prōdes- Perf. Stem prōfu- Part. Stem prōfut-
	Indicative		Subjunctive
	SINGULAR	PLURAL	SINGULAR	PLURAL
Pres.	prōsum	prō´sumus	prōsim	prōsī´mus
	prōdes	prōdes´tis	prōsīs	prōsī´tis
	prōdest	prōsunt	prōsit	prōsint
Impf.	prōderam	prōderāmus	prōdessem	prodessē´mus
Fut.	prōderō	prōderimus	——	——
Perf.	prōfuī	prōfuimus	prōfuerim	prōfuerimus
Plup.	prōfueram	prōfuerāmus	prōfuissem	prōfuissēmus
F. P.	prōfuerō	prōfuerimus	——	——
	Imperative
	Pres. 2d Pers. prōdes, prōdeste		Fut. 2d Pers. prōdestō, prōdestōte
	Infinitive
Pres. prōdesse		Perf. prōfuisse	Fut. prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse
	Future Participle prōfutūrus, -a, -um

257 497.

Principal
Parts

volō, velle, voluī, ——, be willing, will, wish

nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ——, be unwilling, will not

mālō, mālle, māluī, ——, be more willing, prefer

Nōlō and mālō are compounds of volō. Nōlō is for ne (not) + volō, and mālō for mā (from magis, more) + volō. The second person vīs is from a different root.

Indicative
SINGULAR
Pres.	volō	nōlō	mālō
	vīs	nōn vis	māvīs
	vult	nōn vult	māvult
PLURAL
	volumus	nōlumus	mālumus
	vultis	nōn vultis	māvul´tis
	volunt	nōlunt	mālunt
Impf.	volēbam	nōlēbam	mālēbam
Fut.	volam, volēs, etc.	nōlam, nōlēs, etc.	mālam, mālēs, etc.
Perf.	voluī	nōluī	māluī
Plup.	volueram	nōlueram	mālueram
F. P.	voluerō	nōluerō	māluerō
Subjunctive
SINGULAR
Pres.	velim	nōlim	mālim
	velīs	nōlīs	mālīs
	velit	nōlit	mālit
PLURAL
	velī´mus	nōlī´mus	mālī´mus
	velī´tis	nōlī´tis	mālī´tis
	velint	nōlint	mālint
Impf.	vellem	nōllem	māllem
Perf.	voluerim	nōluerim	māluerim
Plup.	voluissem	nōluissem	māluissem
Imperative
Pres.	——	nōlī nōlīte	——
Fut.	——	nōlītō, etc.	——
258 Infinitive
Pres.	velle	nōlle	mālle
Perf.	voluisse	nōluisse	māluisse
Participle
Pres.	volēns, -entis	nōlēns, -entis	——

498. ferō, bear, carry, endure

	Principal Parts ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus
	Pres. Stem fer- Perf. Stem tul- Part. Stem lāt-
	Indicative
	ACTIVE		PASSIVE
Pres.	ferō	ferimus	feror	ferimur
	fers	fertīs	ferris, -re	ferimimī
	fert	ferunt	fertur	feruntur
Impf.	ferēbam		ferēbar
Fut.	feram, ferēs, etc.		ferar, ferēris, etc.
Perf.	tulī		lātus, -a, -um sum
Plup.	tuleram		lātus, -a, -um eram
F. P.	tulerō		lātus, -a, -um erō
	Subjunctive
Pres.	feram, ferās, etc.		ferar, ferāris, etc.
Impf.	ferrem		ferrer
Perf.	tulerim		lātus, -a, -um sim
Plup.	tulissem		lātus, -a, -um essem
	Imperative
Pres. 2d Pers. fer		ferte	ferre	feriminī
Fut. 2d Pers. fertō		fertōte	fertor
3d Pers. fertō		ferunto	fertor	feruntor
	Infinitive
Pres.	ferre		ferrī
Perf.	tulisse		lātus, -a, -um esse
Fut.	lātūrus, -a, -um esse		——
	Participles
Pres.	ferēns, -entis		Pres. ——
Fut.	lātūrus, -a, -um		Ger. ferendus, -a, -um
Perf.	——		Perf. lātus, -a, -um

259 Gerund		Supine (Active Voice)
Gen. ferendī	Acc. ferendum	Acc. [lātum]
Dat. ferendō	Abl. ferendō	Abl. [lātū]

499. eō, go

	Principal Parts eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum (n. perf. part.)
	Pres. Stem ī- Perf. Stem ī- or īv- Part. Stem it-
	Indicative		Subjunctive	Imperative
	Indicative		Subjunctive	SING.	PLUR.
Pres.	eō īs it	īmus ītis eunt	eam	2d Pers. ī	īte
Impf.	ībam		īrem
Fut.	ībō		——	2d Pers. ītō 3d Pers. ītō	ītōte euntō
Perf.	iī (īvī)		ierim (īverim)
Plup.	ieram (īveram)		īssem (īvissem)
F. P.	ierō (īverō)
	Infinitive		Participles
Pres.	īre		Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§ 472)
Perf.	īsse (īvisse)		Fut. itūrus, -a, -um
Fut.	itūrus, -a, -um esse		Ger. eundum
			Gerund	Supine
			Gen. eundī	Acc. [itum]
			Dat. eundō	Abl. [itū]
			Acc. eundum
			Abl. eundō

a. The verb eō is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as ītur, itum est, etc.

b. In the perfect system the forms with v are very rare.

500. fīō, passive of faciō; be made, become, happen

	Principal Parts fīō, fierī, factus sum
	Indicative		Subjunctive	Imperative
Pres.	fīō fīs fit	—— —— fīunt	fīam	2d Pers. fī	fīte
Impf.	fīēbam		fierem
Fut.	fīam		——
260 Perf.	factus, -a, -um sum		factus, -a, -um sim
Plup.	factus, -a, -um eram		factus, -a, -um essem
F. P.	factus, -a, -um erō
	Infinitive			Participles
Pres.	fierī			Perf. factus, -a, -um
Perf.	factus, -a, -um esse			Ger. faciendus, -a, -um
Fut.	[factum īrī]

Fortification protected by a wall and a ditch
CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR

261

APPENDIX II

501. RULES OF SYNTAX

Note. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.

Nominative Case

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? § 36.

Agreement

2. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. § 28.

3. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. § 76.

4. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. § 81.

5. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. § 65.

6. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. § 215. a.

7. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. § 224.

Prepositions

8. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. § 52.

Genitive Case

9. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? § 38.

10. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the predicate genitive. § 409.

11. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive. § 331.

12. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. § 443.

262 Dative Case

13. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. § 45.

14. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crēdō, faveō, noceō, pāreō, persuādeō, resistō, studeō, and others of like meaning. § 154.

15. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dē, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prō, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. § 426.

16. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. § 143.

17. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which; often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected. § 437.

Accusative Case

18. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? § 37.

19. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. § 214.

20. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rūs the preposition is omitted. §§ 263, 266.

21. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. § 336.

22. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. § 392.

Ablative Case

23. Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? § 102.

24. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? or With what? § 103.

25. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom? § 104.

26. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? § 105.

27. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference. § 317.

263 28. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called the ablative absolute. § 381.

29. 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 444.

2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 445.

30. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. § 398.

31. The place from which is expressed by ā or ab, dē, ē or ex with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rūs the preposition is omitted. §§ 264, 266.

32. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the ablative of separation. § 180.

33. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition ā or ab. This is called the ablative of the personal agent. § 181.

34. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. § 309.

35. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. § 275.

36. 1. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and rūs the preposition is omitted. §§ 265, 266.

2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word domus express the place in which by the locative. § 268.

Gerund and Gerundive

37. 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. § 406. 1.

2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. § 406. 2.

38. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, or the genitive with causā, is used to express purpose. § 407.

264 Moods and Tenses of Verbs

39. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. § 358.

40. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause. § 349.

41. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. § 366.

42. Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that not) or nē (that or lest). § 372.

43. Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nōn, and have the verb in the subjunctive. § 385.

44. Object clauses of result with ut or ut nōn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. § 386.

45. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. § 390.

46. The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. § 396.

47. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. § 416.

48. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. § 419.

49. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. § 418.

50. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. § 432.

seated lady
DOMINA

265

APPENDIX III

REVIEWS1

1. It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written test.

I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII

Lesson IX

502. Give the English of the following words:1

Nouns
agricola ancilla aqua casa causa cēna corōna	dea domina fābula fera fīlia fortūna fuga	gallīna iniūria īnsula lūna nauta pecūnia puella	pugna sagitta silva terra tuba via victōria

Adjectives
alta bona	clāra grāta	lāta longa	magna mala	nova parva	pulchra sōla

Verbs
amat dat	est habitat	labōrat laudat	nārrat necat	nūntiat parat	portat pugnat	sunt vocat

Prepositions	Pronouns	Adverbs	Conjunctions	Interrogative Particle
ā or ab ad cum dē ē or ex in	mea tua quis cuius cui quem quid	cūr deinde nōn ubi	et quia quod	-ne

1. Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.

266 503. Give the Latin of the following words:1

Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.

flight
story
new
lives (verb)
away from
who
why
forest
wreath
deep, high
dinner
famous
cottage

battle (noun)

trumpet
lady, mistress
whom
island

wide
tells
money
calls
with
your

then, in the
next place

daughter
to whom
fortune
out from

labors (verb)

gives
small
in
and
sailor
farmer

goddess
wild beast

praises (verb)

alone
pleasing
prepares
are
to
because
arrow
my
kills
girl

fights (verb)

carries
chicken
victory
land

what
way
bad
loves
pretty
water
great
is
announces

injury, wrong

where
not
good
maid
down from
long
cause
whose

1. The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.

504. Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?

267

505. Fill out the following summary of the first declension:

The First or Ā-Declension	1. Ending in the nominative singular
	2. Rule for gender
	3. Case terminations	a. Singular b. Plural
	4. Irregular nouns

Go on to Lesson IX

II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII

Lesson XVIII

506. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension
agrī cultūra cōnstantia	cōpia dīligentia	fāma fēmina	galea inopia	lacrima lōrīca	patria praeda

Nouns of the Second Declension
ager amīcus arma (plural) auxilium bellum carrus castrum	cibus cōnsilium domicilium dominus equus fīlius fluvius	frūmentum gladius lēgātus līberī magister mūrus numerus	oppidānus oppidum pīlum populus praemium proelium puer	scūtum servus studium tēlum vīcus vir

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons
aeger, aegra, aegrum alius, alia, aliud alter, altera, alterum armātus, -a, -um crēber, crēbra, crēbrum dūrus, -a, -um fīnitimus, -a, -um īnfīrmus, -a, -um legiōnārius, -a, -um līber, lībera, līberum mātūrus, -a, -um meus, -a, -um miser, misera, miserum multus, -a, -um	neuter, neutra, neutrum noster, nostra, nostrum alter, altera, alterum pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum sōlus, -a, -um suus, -a, -um fīnitimus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um ūllus, -a, -um ūnus, -a, -um uter, utra, utrum validus, -a, -um vester, vestra, vestrum

268 Verbs

Demonstrative
Pronoun

Adverbs

arat
cūrat
dēsīderat
mātūrat
properat

is, ea, id

Conjunctions

an
-que
sed

iam
quō
saepe

Preposition

apud

507. Give the Latin of the following words:

sword
corselet
man

your (plural)

hasten
but
among
tear (noun)
village
strong
long for
and (enclitic)
often
want (noun)
which (of two)
care for

or (in a question)

whither
wagon
townsman
wretched
ripe

war
number
my
free (adj.)
children
wall
grain
weapon
one
plow (verb)
this or that
already
helmet
river
zeal
any
he
son
slave

your (singular)

she
woman
horse

shield (noun)
whole
it
aid (noun)
legionary
weak
arms

master
(of school)

friend
neighboring
sick
lieutenant
field
report, rumor
abode
boy
his own
alone
prize (noun)

master (owner)

carefulness
plenty
troops

plan (noun)
people
beautiful
no (adj.)
our
battle
spear
food
steadiness
fatherland
town
fort
camp

neither (of two)

much
agriculture
other

the other (of two)

hard
booty
frequent
armed

508. Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager? 269 Decline bonus, līber, pulcher. How can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like līber or like pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why is suus called a reflexive possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause; of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment. What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nūllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?

509. Fill out the following summary of the second declension:

The Second or O-Declension	1. Endings in the nominative
	2. Rule for gender
	3. Case terminations of nouns in -us	a. Singular b. Plural
	a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us
	4. Case terminations of nouns in -um	a. Singular b. Plural
	5. Peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir
	6. Peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium

Go on to Lesson XVIII

III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI

Lesson XXVII

510. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension
	disciplīna fōrma	poena potentia	rēgīna superbia	trīstitia

Nouns of the Second Declension
lūdus	ōrnāmentum	sacrum	socius	verbum

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
amīcus antīquus fīnitimus	grātus idōneus inimīcus	interfectus īrātus laetus	molestus perpetuus proximus	septem superbus

270 Adverbs		Conjunctions	Personal Pronoun
hodiē ibi maximē	mox nunc nūper	etiam nōn sōlum ... sed etiam	ego

Verbs

CONJ. I

CONJ. II

CONJ. III

CONJ. IV

volō, -āre

IRREGULAR VERB
sum, esse

dēleō, -ēre
doceō, -ēre
faveō, -ēre
habeō, -ēre
iubeō, -ēre
moneō, -ēre
moveō, -ēre
noceō, -ēre
pāreō, -ēre
persuādeō, -ēre
sedeō, -ēre
studeō, -ēre
videō, -ēre

agō, -ere
capiō, -ere
crēdō, -ere
dīcō, -ere
dūcō, -ere
faciō, -ere
fugiō, -ere
iaciō, -ere
mittō, -ere
rapiō, -ere
regō, -ere
resistō, -ere

audiō, -īre
mūniō, -īre
reperiō, -īre
veniō, -īre

511. Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.

ancient
come
resist
see
be
fly
I
proud
word
sadness
find
rule (verb)
be eager for

not only ...
but also

seven
ally, companion
pride
fortify
send
sit
also
school
hear
hurl
persuade
only

nearest
sacred rite
queen
flee
obey
lately
constant
ornament
power
make, do
injure
now
annoying
lead

move
soon
glad
punishment
believe
advise

especially,
most of all

angry
beauty
say
command (verb)
there
slain

training
take
have
to-day
unfriendly
drive
favor (verb)
suitable
pleasing
teach
neighboring
destroy
friendly
seize

512. Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? 271 What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō? Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō.

Go on to Lesson XXVII

IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI

Lesson XXXVII

513. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns of the First Declension
āla	cūra	mora	porta	prōvincia	vīta

Nouns of the Second Declension
animus aurum	bracchium deus	locus mōnstrum	nāvigium ōrāculum	perīculum ventus	vīnum

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
adversus attentus cārus	commōtus dēfessus dexter	dubius maximus perfidus	plēnus saevus sinister

Adverbs
anteā celeriter dēnique	diū frūstrā graviter	ita longē semper	subitō tamen tum

Conjunctions
autem	sī	ubi

272 Prepositions
dē	per	prō	sine

Verbs
CONJ. I			CONJ. II
adpropinquō nāvigō occupō postulō	recūsō reportō servō stō	superō temptō vāstō vulnerō	contineō egeō prohibeō respondeō teneō
CONJ. III			IRREGULAR VERB
discēdō	gerō	interficiō	absum

514. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.

be away
wind
through
if
savage
wound (verb)
wine
delay
faithless
right
seize
quickly

before, in behalf of

battle

down from or concerning

moreover
greatest
oracle
danger
lay waste
gate
doubtful

opposite, adverse

demand
finally
attentive

then, at that time

weary

overcome,
conquer

boat, ship
sail (verb)
life
save
full
refuse
heavily
monster
approach
nevertheless
place

be without,
lack

moved
gold

restrain, keep from

without
hold
suddenly
dear
always
god

hold in, keep

afar

thus, so,
as follows

arm (noun)
when
in vain
stand

bring back, win

before,
previously

depart,
go away

province
care, trouble
kill

reply (verb)

wing
mind, heart
left (adj.)
bear, carry on
try

for a long time

515. Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:

sum
dō
teneō
iubeō
agō
mittō
mūniō

moveō
crēdō
rapiō
reperiō
dēleō
resistō
audiō

moneō
capiō
doceō
regō
faveō
noceō
dīcō

pāreō
dūcō
faciō
persuādeō
sedeō
studeō
fugiō

veniō
iaciō
videō
absum
egeō
gerō
stō

273 516. Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§ 494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place from which expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce yes-and-no questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for yes and no? What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?

Go on to Lesson XXXVII

V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV

Lesson XLV

517. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns
FIRST DECLENSION	SECOND DECLENSION
rīpa	barbarī captīvus	castellum impedīmentum

THIRD DECLENSION
animal arbor avis caedēs 274 calamitās calcar caput cīvis cliēns	collis cōnsul dēns dux eques fīnis flūmen fōns frāter	homō hostīs ignis imperātor īnsigne iter iūdex labor lapis	legiō mare māter mēnsis mīles mōns nāvis opus ōrātor	ōrdō pater pedes pēs pōns prīnceps rēx salūs sanguis	soror tempus terror turris urbs victor virtūs vīs

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
barbarus	dexter	sinister	summus

Prepositions

Adverbs

Conjunctions

in with the abl.
in with the acc.
trāns

cotīdiē
numquam

nec, neque

nec ... nec, or neque ... neque

Verbs
CONJ. I		CONJ. III
cessō confirmō	oppugnō vetō	accipiō incipiō	petō ponō	vincō vivō

518. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:

forbid
rank, row
brother
force
across
savages
horseman
never
mountain

manliness,
courage

leader
put, place
time

savage,
barbarous

sister
seek
captive

hindrance,
baggage

man-of-war
judge

defeat, disaster

fire
tree
foot soldier
receive
general
highest
fountain
orator

neither ... nor

and not
left
tooth
soldier
month
city
victor
daily
live (verb)

conquer
consul
mother
retainer
citizen
head
safety

assail, storm

begin
march
decoration
bridge
bird
cease
man
river

work (noun)

and
ship
bank

redoubt, fort
sea
tower

drill (verb)

legion
terror

into, to

right (adj.)
in
stone
blood

labor (noun)

king
spur
chief
slaughter
strengthen
foot
enemy
animal
father

275 519. Review Questions. Give the conjugation of possum. What is an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence The bad boy cannot be happy, what is the case of happy? Give the rule. Decline quī. Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline quis. What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of lapis from the stem lapid-, mīles from mīlit-, rēx from rēg-. What nouns have i-stems? What peculiarities of form do i-stems have,—masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have -ī and -e in the abl. Decline turris. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline mīles, lapis, rēx, virtūs, cōnsul, legiō, homō, pater, flūmen, opus, tempus, caput, caedēs, urbs, hostis, mare, animal, vīs, iter.

520. Fill out the following scheme:

The Third Declension	Gender Endings	Masculine Feminine Neuter
	Case Terminations	I. Consonant Stems	a. Masc. and fem. b. Neuters
		II. I-Stems	a. Masc. and fem. b. Neuters
		Irregular Nouns

Go on to Lesson XLV

VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII

Lesson LIII

521. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns

FIRST DECLENSION

SECOND DECLENSION

amīcitia
hōra
littera

annus
modus
nūntius
oculus

rēgnum
signum

supplicium,
supplicium dare
supplicium sūmere dē

tergum,
tergum vertere

vestīgium

276 THIRD DECLENSION

FOURTH DECLENSION

aestās
corpus
hiems
lībertās

lūx,
prīma lūx

nōmen

nox
pars
pāx
rūs
sōl
vōx
vulnus

adventus
cornū
domus
equitātus
exercitus
fluctus

impetus
lacus
manus
metus
portus

FIFTH DECLENSION

INDECLINABLE NOUN

aciēs
diēs

fidēs,
in fidem venīre

rēs,
rēs gestae
rēs adversae
rēs pūblica
rēs secundae

spēs

nihil

Adjectives
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS		THIRD DECLENSION
dēnsus invīsus mīrus paucī prīmus	prīstinus pūblicus secundus tantus vērus	ācer, ācris, ācre brevis, breve difficilis, difficile facīlis, facile fortis, forte	gravis, grave incolumis, incolume omnis, omne pār, pār vēlōx, vēlōx

Pronouns
PERSONAL	DEMONSTRATIVE	INTENSIVE	INDEFINITE
ego nōs suī tū vōs	hic īdem ille iste	ipse	aliquis, aliquī quīdam quis, quī quisquam quisque

Adverbs			Conjunctions	Prepositions
nē ... quidem ōlim	paene quoque	satis vērō	itaque nisi	ante post propter

Verbs

CONJ. I

CONJ. II

CONJ. III

CONJ. IV

conlocō
convocō
cremō
dēmōnstrō
mandō

dēbeō
exerceō
maneō
placeō
sustineō

committō,
committere proelium

dēcidō
ēripiō

sūmō,
sūmere supplicium dē

trādūcō
vertō

dēsiliō

277 522. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.

if not, unless

on account of

unharmed
public
commonwealth

leap down, dismount

lead across
remain

call together

friendship

footprint, trace

each

fear (noun)

hope
therefore

behind, after

so great
equal

in truth, indeed

that (yonder)

a certain
fall down
owe, ought

measure, mode

eye
name
wave, billow

thing, matter

exploits
republic
prosperity

adversity

former, old-time

all, every

any one (at all)

this (of mine)

heavy, serious

hateful, detested

true
burn
snatch from
letter
punishment

inflict
punishment on

suffer punishment
liberty
sun
sustain

take up, assume

hour
reign, realm
messenger

part, direction

body
harbor

faith, protection

of himself
also, too
sufficiently

burn

that (of yours)

before
you (plur.)
light
daybreak
winter
attack

line of battle

army
drill, train
join battle
house, home
midday
wonderful
brave
almost
the same
some, any

if any one

self, very
not even
easy
dense

point out, explain

difficult
first

arrange, station

please
year

peace
back

turn the back, retreat

night

hand, force

lake
day

commit, intrust

a few only

sharp, eager

we
turn
you (sing.)
I
signal
summer
cavalry
wound
horn, wing
country

second, favorable

short
voice

formerly, once

arrival

come under the
protection of

swift
nothing

523. Review Questions. By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline ācer, omnis, pār. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth 278 or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline adventus, lacus, cornū, domus. Give the rules for the ordinary expression of the place to which, the place from which, the place in which. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, and rūs? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or ē-declension? Decline diēs, rēs. When is the long ē shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline tuba, servus, pīlum, ager, puer, mīles, cōnsul, flūmen, caedēs, animal. How is the time when expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline ego, tū, is. What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him. Decline ipse. How is ipse used? Decline īdem. Decline hic, iste, ille. Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline aliquis, quisquam, quīdam, quisque.

Go on to Lesson LIII

VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX

Lesson LXI

524. Give the English of the following words:

Nouns
FIRST DECLENSION	SECOND DECLENSION
aquila fossa	aedificium captīvus concilium	imperium negōtium	spatium vāllum

THIRD DECLENSION
agmen celeritās cīvitās clāmor cohors difficultās explōrātor	gēns lātitūdō longitūdō magnitūdō mēns mercātor mīlle	mors mulier multitūdō mūnītiō nēmō obses opīniō	regiō rūmor scelus servitūs timor vallēs

FOURTH DECLENSION		FIFTH DECLENSION
aditus commeātus	passus	rēs frūmentāria

279 Adjectives
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
aequus bīnī ducentī duo exterus īnferus	maximus medius minimus opportūnus optimus pessimus	plūrimus posterus prīmus reliquus secundus	singulī superus tardus ternī ūnus

THIRD DECLENSION
alacer, alacris, alacre audāx, audāx celer, celeris, celere citerior, citerius difficilis, difficile dissimilis, dissimile facilis, facile gracilis, gracile	humilis, humile ingēns, ingēns interior, interius lēnis, lēne maior, maius melior, melius minor, minus nōbilis, nōbile	peior, peius ——, plūs prior, prius recēns, recēns similis, simile trēs, tria ulterior, ulterius

Adverbs
ācriter audācter bene facile ferē fortiter	magis magnopere maximē melius minimē multum	optimē parum paulō plūrimum prope propius	proximē quam statim tam undique

Conjunctions

Prepositions

atque, ac
aut
aut ... aut
et ... et
nam

quā dē causā
quam ob rem

simul atque or
simul ac

circum
contrā
inter
ob
trāns

Verbs
CONJ. I		CONJ. II
cōnor hortor	moror vexō	obtineō perterreō	valeō vereor

CONJ. III
abdō cadō cognōscō cōnsequor contendō cupiō currō	dēdō dēfendō ēgredior incendō incolō īnsequor occīdō	patior premō proficīscor prōgredior quaerō recipiō relinquō	revertor sequor statuō subsequor suscipiō trādō trahō
CONJ. III
	orior	perveniō

280 525. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:

on account of
nearly

keenly, sharply

thousand
two
opportune
remaining
above (adj.)
next

grain supply

pace
shout (noun)

from all sides

against
around
three
further

line of march

manor
region
fortification
eagle
almost
boldly
bravely
across

between, among

hither (adj.)
so
less
more
most
worst
difficulty
hostage
death

command, power

captive
or
and
arrive

attempt, try

length

width
scout
cohort

tribe, nation

business

by a little

somewhat
crime
difficult
equal

move forward,
advance

multitude
woman
desire (verb)

give over,
surrender

kill
overtake

hasten, strive

hide
one
first

second, favorable

two hundred
former
inner
middle
low
outward

three by three

provisions
speed
ditch

wherefore or
therefore

for this reason
fear (noun)
return
inquire
set out

move out, disembark

fear (verb)
worse

greater, larger

two by two

least (adv.)

opinion,
expectation

approach, entrance

trader

magnitude, size

council, assembly

space, room

either ... or

rise, arise

suffer, allow

press hard

fall
surrender

set fire to

defend

possess, hold

delay (verb)

nearest (adv.)

nearer (adv.)

better (adj.)

well known, noble

mild, gentle

swift
eager
low (adj.)
slender

one by one

no one

least (adv.)

little (adv.)

learn, know

drag
undertake
run
fix, decide

leave
abandon
be strong

receive, recover

terrify, frighten

dwell

state, citizenship

valley
slavery
greatly

best of all (adv.)

better (adv.)
well (adv.)
very much
much
unlike
like (adj.)
slow

very greatly,
exceedingly

building
mind (noun)
easily
easy
recent
huge, great
bold
immediately
as soon as
for
than
best (adj.)
greatest
follow close
encourage

annoy, ravage

hide
follow
pursue

both ... and

rampart

281 526. Review Questions. What is meant by comparison? In what two ways may adjectives be compared? Compare clārus, brevis, vēlōx, and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare brevis by adverbs. Decline the comparative of vēlōx. How are adjectives in -er compared? Compare ācer, pulcher, liber. What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the superlative in -limus. Translate in two ways Nothing is brighter than the sun. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus. Decline plūs. Compare citerior, interior, propior, ulterior. Translate That route to Italy is much shorter. Give the rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs cārē, līberē, fortiter, audācter. What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from facilis? multus? prīmus? plūrimus? bonus? magnus? parvus? Compare prope, saepe, magnopere. How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline ūnus, duo, trēs, mīlle. How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with quīdam and cardinal numbers excepting mīlle? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate amō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō, in the active and passive.

Go on to Lesson LXI

VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX

Lesson LXX

527. Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See §§ 502, 503, 506, 507.

528. Review Questions. Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of cūrō, dēleō, vincō, rapiō, mūniō. Inflect the 282 subjunctive tenses of sum; of possum. What are the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and passive participles of amō, moneō, regō, capiō, audiō. Decline regēns. What participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of vereor. How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate volō, nolō, mālō, fīō.

What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause introduced? When should quō be used? What is meant by sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows iubeō? What construction follows verbs of fearing? How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the verb is passive?

Go on to Lesson LXX

coin showing general commanding soldiers
IMPERATOR MILITES HORTATUR

283

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES

The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”

LESSON IV, § 39

Nouns dea, goddess (deity) Diā´na, Diana fera, a wild beast (fierce) Lātō´na, Latona sagit´ta, arrow	Verbs est, he (she, it) is; sunt, they are necat, he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill Conjunction1 et, and
Pronouns quis, interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., who? cuius (pronounced co͝oi´yo͝os, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., whose?

1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.

LESSON V, § 47

Nouns corō´na, wreath, garland, crown fā´bula, story (fable) pecū´nia, money (pecuniary) pugna, battle (pugnacious) victō´ria, victory	Verbs dat, he (she, it) gives nārrat, he (she, it) tells (narrate) Conjunction1 quia or quod, because
Pronoun cui (pronounced co͝oi, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., to whom? for whom?

1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.

LESSON VI, § 56

Adjectives bona, good grāta, pleasing magna, large, great mala, bad, wicked parva, small, little pulchra, beautiful, pretty sōla, alone	284 Nouns ancil´la, maidservant Iūlia, Julia Adverbs1 cūr, why nōn, not Pronouns mea, my; tua, thy, your (possesives) quid, interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., what?
-ne, the question sign, an enclitic (§ 16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as amat, he loves, but amat´ne? does he love? est, he is; estne? is he? Of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis, cūr, or some other interrogative word.

1. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings sweetly; she is very talented; she began to sing very early.

LESSON VII, § 62

Nouns casa, -ae, f., cottage cēna, -ae, f., dinner gallī´na, -ae, f., hen, chicken īn´sula, ae, f., island (pen-insula) Adverbs de-in´de, then, in the next place ubi, where Preposition ad, to, with acc. to express motion toward	Verbs ha´bitat, he (she, it) lives, is living, does live (inhabit) laudat, he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise (laud) parat, he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare vocat, he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite (vocation)
Pronoun quem, interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., whom?

LESSON VIII, § 69

Nouns

Italia, -ae, f., Italy

Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily

tuba, -ae, f., trumpet (tube)

via, -ae, f., way, road, street (viaduct)

Adjectives

alta, high, deep (altitude)

clāra, clear, bright; famous

lāta, wide (latitude)

longa, long (longitude)

nova, new (novelty)

285

LESSON IX, § 77

Nouns
bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel) cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate) equus, -ī, m., horse (equine) frūmentum, -ī, n., grain lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate) Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark	mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural) oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman oppidum, -ī, n., town pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver) servus, -ī, m., slave, servant Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus Verbs cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc. properat, he (she, it) hastens

LESSON X, § 82

Nouns
amīcus, -ī, m., friend (amicable) Germānia, -ae, f., Germany patria, -ae, f., fatherland	populus, -ī, m., people Rhēnus, -ī, m., the Rhine vīcus, -ī, m., village

LESSON XI, § 86

Nouns
arma, armōrum, n., plur., arms, especially defensive weapons fāma, -ae, f., rumor; reputation, fame	galea, -ae, f., helmet praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoils (predatory) tēlum, -ī, n., weapon of offense, spear
Adjectives
dūrus, -a, -um, hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome (durable)	Rōmānus, -a, -um, Roman. As a noun, Rōmānus, -ī, m., a Roman

LESSON XII, § 90

Nouns fīlius, fīlī, m., son (filial) fluvius, fluvī, m., river (fluent) gladius, gladī, m., sword (gladiator) praesidium, praesi´dī, n., garrison, guard, protection proelium, proelī, n., battle	Adjectives fīnitimus, -a, -um, bordering upon, neighboring, near to. As a noun, fīnitimī, -ōrum, m., plur., neighbors Germānus, -a, -um, German. As a noun, Germānus, -ī, m., a German multus, -a, -um, much; plur., many
Adverb saepe, often

286

LESSON XIII, § 95

Nouns
ager, agrī, m., field (acre) cōpia, -ae, f., plenty, abundance (copious); plur., troops, forces Cornēlius, Cornē´lī, m., Cornelius lōrī´ca, -ae, f., coat of mail, corselet	praemium, praemī, n., reward, prize (premium) puer, puerī, m., boy (puerile) Rōma, -ae, f., Rome scūtum, -ī, n., shield (escutcheon) vir, virī, m., man, hero (virile)
Adjectives
legiōnārius, -a, -um,1 legionary, belonging to the legion. As a noun, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, m., plur., legionary soldiers līber, lībera, līberum, free (liberty) As a noun. līberī, -ōrum, m., plur., children (lit. the freeborn)	pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, pretty, beautiful Preposition apud, among, with acc. Conjunction sed, but

1. The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -iī and the vocative in -ie; not in -ī, as in nouns.

LESSON XIV, § 99

Nouns
auxilium, auxi´lī, n., help, aid (auxiliary) castrum, -ī, n., fort (castle); plur., camp (lit. forts) cibus, -ī, m., food	cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n., plan (counsel) dīligentia, -ae, f., diligence, industry magister, magistrī, m., master, teacher1
Adjectives
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick crēber, crēbra, crēbrum, frequent	miser, misera, miserum, wretched, unfortunate (miser)

1. Observe that dominus, as distinguished from magister, means master in the sense of owner.

LESSON XV, § 107

Nouns carrus, -ī, m., cart, wagon inopia, -ae, f., want, lack; the opposite of cōpia studium, studī, n., zeal, eagerness (study) Verb mātūrat, he (she, it) hastens. Cf. properat	287 Adjectives armātus, -a, -um, armed īnfīrmus, -a, -um, week, feeble (infirm) vali´dus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy Adverb iam, already, now
-que, conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. § 16) and always added to the second of two words to be connected, as arma tēla´que, arms and weapons.

LESSON XVII, § 117

Nouns
agrī cultūra, -ae, f., agriculture domicilīum, domīci´lī, n., dwelling place (domicile) abode fēmina, -ae, f., woman (female)	Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul lacrima, -ae, f., tear numerus, -ī, m., number (numeral)
Adjective mātūrus, -a, -um, ripe, mature Verbs arat, he (she, it) plows (arable) dēsīderat, he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc.	Adverb quō, whither Conjunction an, or, introducing the second half of a double question, as Is he a Roman or a Gaul, Estne Romanus an Gallus?

LESSON XVIII, § 124

Nouns lūdus, -ī, m.,school socius, socī, m., companion, ally (social)	Adjectives īrātus, -a, -um, angry, furious (irate) laetus, -a, -um, happy, glad (social)
Adverbs
hodiē, to-day ibi, there, in that place mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future	nunc, now, the present moment nūper, lately, recently, of the immediate past

LESSON XX, § 136

Nouns
fōrma, -ae, f., form, beauty poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty potentia, -ae, f., power (potent)	regīna, -ae, f., queen (regal) superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness trīstītīa, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow
Adjectives septem, indeclinable, seven superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty (superb)	Conjunctions nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also

288

LESSON XXI, § 140

Nouns sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite verbum, -ī, n., word (verb) Verbs sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment) volō, -āre, fly (volatile)	Adjectives interfectus, -a, -um, slain molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying (molest) perpetuus, -a, -um, perpetual, continuous
ego, personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.

LESSON XXII, § 146

Nouns
disciplīna, -ae, f., training, culture, discipline ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, jewel	Gāius, Gāī, m., Caius, a Roman first name Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name
Verb doceō, -ēre, teach (doctrine)	Adverb maximē, most of all, especially
Adjective antīquus, -qua, -quum, old, ancient (antique)

LESSON XXVII, § 168

Nouns

āla, -ae, f., wing

deus, -ī, m., god (deity)1

monstrum, -ī, n., omen, prodigy; monster

ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle

Verb

vāstō, -āre, lay waste, devastate

Adjectives

commōtus, -a, -um, moved, excited

maximus, -a, -um, greatest (maximum)

saevus, -a, -um, fierce, savage

Adverbs

ita, thus, in this way, as follows

tum, then, at that time

1. For the declension of deus, see § 468

LESSON XXVIII, § 171

Verbs

respondeō, -ēre, respond, reply

servō, -āre, save, preserve

Adjective

cārus, -a, -um, dear (cherish)

Conjunction

autem, but, moreover, now. Usually

stands second, never first

Noun

vīta, -ae, f., life (vital)

289

LESSON XXIX, § 176

Verb

superō, -āre, conquer, overcome (insuperable)

Nouns

cūra, -ae, f., care, trouble

locus, -ī, m., place, spot (location). Locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca, -ōrum, etc.

perīculum, -ī, n., danger, peril

Adverbs

semper, always

tamen, yet, nevertheless

Prepositions

dē, with abl., down from; concerning

per, with acc., through

Conjunction

si, if

LESSON XXX, § 182

Verbs
absum, abesse, irreg., be away, be absent, be distant, with separative abl. adpropinquō, -āre, draw near, approach (propinquity), with dative1 contineō, -ēre, hold together, hem in, keep (contain)	discēdō, -ere, depart, go away, leave, with separative abl. egeō, -ēre, lack, need, be without, with separative abl. interficiō, -ere, kill prohibeō, -ēre, restrain, keep from (prohibit) vulnerō, -āre, wound (vulnerable)
Nouns prōvincia, -ae, f., province vīnum, -ī, n., wine	Adjective dēfessus, -a, -um, weary, worn out Adverb longē, far, by far, far away

1. This verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with ad and the accusative.

LESSON XXXI, § 188

Nouns aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole) mora, -ae, f., delay nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n., boat, ship ventus, -ī, m., wind (ventilate) Verb nāvigō, -āre, sail (navigate)	Adjectives attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful dubius, -a, -um, doubtful (dubious) perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy) Adverb anteā, before, previously
Preposition sine, with abl., without

290

LESSON XXXII, § 193

Nouns animus, -ī, m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate) bracchium, bracchī, n., forearm, arm porta, -ae, f., gate (portal)	Adjectives adversus, -a, -um, opposite; adverse, contrary plēnus, -a, -um, full (plenty)
Preposition prō, with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of	Adverb diū, for a long time, long

LESSON XXXIV, § 200

Adverbs
celeriter, quickly (celerity) dēnique, finally	graviter, heavily, severely (gravity) subitō, suddenly
Verb reportō, -āre, -āvī, bring back, restore; win, gain (report)

LESSON XXXVI, § 211

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right (dextrous)

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left

frūstrā, adv., in vain (frustrate)

gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus, bear, carry on; wear; bellum gerere, to wage war

occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus, seize, take possession of (occupy)

postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus, demand (ex-postulate)

recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus, refuse

stō, stāre, stetī, status, stand

temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus, try, tempt, test; attempt

teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ——, keep, hold (tenacious)

The word ubi, which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question, has two other uses equally important:

1. ubi = when, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as,
Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt, when they heard the monster, they fled

2. ubi = where, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as,
Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat, I see the town where Galba lives

Ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. When in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which; and in the second, where is equivalent to the place in which.

291

LESSON XXXVII, § 217

neque or nec, conj., neither, nor, and ... not; neque ... neque, neither ... nor

castellum, -ī, n., redoubt, fort (castle)

cotīdiē, adv., daily

cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, cease, with the infin.

incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus, begin (incipient), with the infin.

oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus, storm, assail

petō, petere, petivi or petiī, petītus, aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask (petition)

pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus, place, put (position); castra pōnere, to pitch camp

possum, posse, potuī, ——, be able, can (potent), with the infin.

vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus, forbid (veto), vith the infin.; opposite of iubeō, command

vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, conquer (in-vincible)

vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ——, live, be alive (re-vive)

LESSON XXXIX, § 234

barbarus, -a, -um, strange, foreign, barbarous. As a noun, barbarī, -ōrum, m., plur., savages, barbarians

dux, ducis, m., leader (duke). Cf. the verb dūcō

eques, equitis, m., horseman, cavalryman (equestrian)

iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge

lapis, lapidis, m., stone (lapidary)

mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier (militia)

pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier (pedestrian)

pēs, pedis,1 m., foot (pedal)

prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief (principal)

rēx, rēgis, m., king (regal)

summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)

virtūs, virtūtis, f., manliness, courage (virtue)

1. Observe that e is long in the nom. sing, and short in the other cases.

LESSON XL, § 237

Caesar, -aris, m., Cæsar

captīvus, -ī, m., captive, prisoner

cōnsul, -is, m., consul

frāter, frātris, m., brother (fraternity)

homō, hominis, m., man, human being

impedīmentum, -ī, n., hindrance (impediment); plur. impedīmenta, -ōrum, baggage

292

imperātor, imperātōris, m., commander in chief, general (emperor)

legiō, legiōnis, f., legion

māter, mātris, f., mother (maternal)

ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., row, rank (order)

pater, patris, m., father (paternal)

salūs, salūtis, f., safety (salutary)

soror, sorōris, f., sister (sorority)

LESSON XLI, § 239

calamitās, calamitātis, f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity) caput, capitis, n., head (capital) flūmen, flūminis, n., river (flume) labor, labōris, m., labor, toil opus, operis, n., work, task	ōrātor, ōrātōris, m., orator rīpa, -ae, f., bank (of a stream) tempus, temporis, n., time (temporal) terror, terrōris, m., terror, fear victor, victōris, m., victor
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus, receive, accept cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus, strengthen, establish, encourage (confirm)

LESSON XLIII, § 245

animal, animālis (-ium1), n., animal

avis, avis (-ium), f., bird (aviation)

caedēs, caedīs (-ium), f., slaughter

calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur

cīvis, cīvis (-ium), m. and f., citizen (civic)

cliēns, clientis (-ium), m., retainer, dependent (client)

fīnis, fīnis (-ium), m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory

hostis, hostis (-ium), m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from inimīcus, which means a personal enemy

ignis, ignis (-ium), m., fire (ignite)

īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium), n. decoration, badge (ensign)

mare, maris (-ium2), n., sea (marine)

nāvis, nāvis (-ium), f., ship (naval);

nāvis longa, man-of-war

turris, turris (-ium), f., tower (turret)

urbs, urbis (-ium), f., city (suburb). An urbs is larger than an oppidum.

1. The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.

2. The genitive plural of mare is not in use.

LESSON XLIV, § 249

arbor, arboris, f., tree (arbor)

collis, collis (-ium), m., hill

dēns, dentis (-ium), m., tooth (dentist)

fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. fountain, spring; source

iter, itineris, n., march, journey, route (itinerary)

mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium), m., month

moenia, -ium, n., plur., walls, fortifications. Cf. mūrus

mōns, montis (-ium), m., mountain;

summus mōns, top of the mountain

numquam, adv., never

pōns, pontis, m., bridge (pontoon)

293

sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood (sanguinary)

summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest (summit)

trāns, prep, with acc., across (transatlantic)

vīs (vīs), gen. plur. virium, f. strength, force, violence (vim)

LESSON XLV, § 258

ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, eager (acrid) brevis, breve, short, brief difficilis, difficile, difficult facilis, facile, facile, easy fortis, forte, brave (fortitude) gravis, grave, heavy, severe, serious (grave)	omnis, omne, every, all (omnibus) pār, gen. paris, equal (par) paucī, -ae, -a, few, only a few (paucity) secundus, -a, -um, second; favorable, opposite of adversus signum, -ī, n., signal, sign, standard vēlōx, gen. vēlōcis, swift (velocity)
conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus, arrange, station, place (collocation) dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus, point out, explain (demonstrate) mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus, commit, intrust (mandate)

LESSON XLVI, § 261

adventus, -ūs, m., approach, arrival (advent) ante, prep, with acc., before (ante-date) cornū, -ūs, n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia); ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā sinistrō cornū, on the left wing equitātus, -ūs, m., cavalry exercitus, -ūs, m., army	impetus, -ūs, m., attack (impetus); impetum facere in, with acc., to make an attack on lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus, m., lake manus, -ūs, f., hand; band, force (manual) portus, -ūs, m., harbor (port) post, prep, with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)
cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus, burn (cremate) exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus, practice, drill, train (exercise)

LESSON XLVII, § 270

Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth domus, -ūs, locative domī, f., house, home (dome). Cf. domicilium Genāva, -ae, f., Geneva Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map	294 propter, prep. with acc., on account of, because of rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. rūra, n., country (rustic) tergum, tergī, n., back; ā tergō, behind, in the rear vulnus, vulneris, n., wound (vulnerable)
committō, committere, commīsī, commissus, intrust, commit; proelium committere, join battle convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus, call together, summon (convoke) timeō, timēre, timuī, ——, fear; be afraid (timid) vertō, vertere, vertī, versus, turn, change (convert); terga vertere, to turn the backs, hence to retreat

LESSON XLVIII, § 276

aciēs, -ēī, f., line of battle

aestās, aestātis, f., summer

annus, -ī, m., year (annual)

diēs, diēī, m., day (diary)

fidēs, fideī, no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; in fidem venīre, to come under the protection

fluctus, -ūs, m. wave, billow (fluctuate)

hiems, hiemis, f., winter

hōra, -ae, f., hour

lūx, lūcis, f., light (lucid); prīma lux, daybreak

merīdiēs, acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian)

nox, noctis (-ium), f., night (nocturnal)

prīmus, -a, -um, first (prime)

rēs, reī, f., thing, matter (real);

rēs gestae, deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); rēs adversae, adversity; rēs secundae, prosperity

spēs, speī, f., hope

LESSON XLIX, § 283

amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship (amicable) itaque, conj., and so, therefore, accordingly littera, -ae, f., a letter of the alphabet; plur., a letter, an epistle metus, metūs, m., fear nihil, indeclinable, n., nothing (nihilist)	nūntius, nūntī, m., messenger. Cf. nūntiō pāx, pācis, f., peace (pacify) rēgnum, -ī, n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom supplicum, suppli´cī, n., punishment; supplicum sūmere dē, with abl., inflict punishment on; supplicum dare, suffer punishment. Cf. poena
placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus, be pleasing to, please, with dative. Cf. § 154 sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up, assume sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus, sustain

295

LESSON L, § 288

corpus, corporis, n., body (corporal) dēnsus, -a, -um, dense īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pronoun, the same (identity) ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pronoun, self; even, very mīrus, -a, -um, wonderful, marvelous (miracle)	ōlim, adv., formerly, once upon a time pars, partis (-ium), f., part, region, direction quoque, adv., also. Stands after the word which it emphasizes sōl, sōlis, m., sun (solar) vērus, -a, -um, true, real (verity)
dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus, owe, ought (debt) ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus, snatch from

LESSON LI, § 294

hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative pronoun, this (of mine); he, she, it

ille, illa, illud, demonstrative pronoun that (yonder); he, she, it

invīsus, -a, -um, hateful, detested, with dative Cf. § 143

iste, ista, istud, demonstrative pronoun, that (of yours); he, she, it

lībertās, -ātis, f., liberty

modus, -ī, m., measure; manner, way, mode

nōmen, nōminis, n., name (nominate)

oculus, -ī, m., eye (oculist)

prīstinus, -a, -um, former, old-time (pristine)

pūblicus, -a, -um, public, belonging to the state; rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae, f., the commonwealth, the state, the republic

vestīgium, vestī´gī, n., footprint, track; trace, vestige

vōx, vōcis, f., voice

LESSON LII, § 298

incolumis, -e, unharmed nē ... quidem, adv., not even. The emphatic word stands between nē and quidem nisi, conj., unless, if ... not paene, adv., almost (pen-insula)	satis, adv., enough, sufficiently (satisfaction) tantus, -a, -um, so great vērō, adv., truly, indeed, in fact. As a conj. but, however, usually stands second, never first.
dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ——, fall down (deciduous) dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus, leap down, dismount maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, remain trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus, lead across

296

LESSON LIII, § 306

aquila, -ae, f., eagle (aquiline) audāx, gen. audācis, adj., bold, audacious celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick (celerity). Cf. vēlōx explōratōr, -ōris, m., scout, spy (explorer) ingēns, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, vast medius, -a, -um, middle, middle part of (medium)	mēns, mentis (-ium), f., mind (mental). Cf. animus opportūnus, -a, -um, opportune quam, adv., than. With the superlative quam gives the force of as possible, as quam audācissimī virī, men as bold as possible recens, gen. recentis, adj., recent tam, adv., so. Always with an adjective or adverb, while ita is generally used with a verb
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus, ask, inquire, seek (question). Cf. petō

LESSON LIV, § 310

alacer, alacris, alacre, eager, spirited, excited (alacrity)

celeritās, -ātis, f., speed (celerity)

clāmor, clāmōris, m., shout, clamor

lēnis, lēne, mild, gentle (lenient)

mulier, muli´eris, f., woman

multitūdō, multitūdinis, f., multitude

nēmŏ, dat. nēminī, acc. nēminem (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, from nūllus), no plur., m. and f., no one

nōbilis, nōbile, well known, noble

noctū, adv. (an old abl.), by night (nocturnal)

statim, adv., immediately, at once

subitō, adv., suddenly

tardus, -a, -um, slow (tardy)

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus, desire, wish (cupidity)

LESSON LV, § 314

aedificium, aedifi´cī, n., building, dwelling (edifice)

imperium, impe´rī, n., command, chief power; empire

mors, mortis (-ium), f., death (mortal)

reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest of. As a noun, m. and n. plur., the rest (relic)

scelus, sceleris, n., crime

servitūs, -ūtis, f., slavery (servitude)

vallēs, vallis (-ium), f., valley

abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus, hide

contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus, strain, struggle; hasten (contend)

occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus, cut down, kill. Cf. necō, interficiō

perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus, terrify, frighten

recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus, receive, recover; sē recipere, betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat

trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus, give over, surrender, deliver (traitor)

297

LESSON LVI, § 318

aditus, -ūs, m., approach, access; entrance cīvitās, cīvitātis, f., citizenship; body of citizens, state (city) inter, prep, with acc., between, among (interstate commerce)	nam, conj., for obses, obsidis, m. and f., hostage paulō, adv. (abl. n. of paulus), by a little, somewhat
incolō, incolere, incoluī, ——, transitive, inhabit; intransitive, dwell. Cf. habitō, vīvō relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus, leave, abandon (relinquish) statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus, fix, decide (statute), usually with infin.

LESSON LVII, § 326

aequus, -a, -um, even, level; equal cohors, cohortis (-ium), f., cohort, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, run (course) difficultās, -ātis, f., difficulty fossa, -ae, f., ditch (fosse)	gēns, gentis (-ium), f., race, tribe, nation (Gentile) negōtium, negōtī, n., business, affair, matter (negotiate) regiō, -ōnis, f., region, district rūmor, rūmōris, m., rumor, report. Cf. fāma simul atque, conj., as soon as
suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus, undertake trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus, drag, draw (ex-tract) valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus, be strong; plūrimum valēre, to be most powerful, have great influence (value). Cf. validus

LESSON LVIII, § 332

commeātus, -ūs, m.. provisions

lātitūdō, -inis, f., width (latitude)

longitūdō, -inis, f., length (longitude)

magnitūdō, -inis, f., size, magnitude

mercātor, mercātōris, m., trader, merchant

mūnītiō, -ōnis, f., fortification (munition)

spatium, spatī, n., room, space, distance; time

cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, learn; in the perfect tenses, know (re-cognize)

cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus, collect; compel (cogent)

dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, defend

298

incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus, set fire to, burn (incendiary). Cf. cremō

obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus, possess, occupy, hold (obtain)

perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus, come through, arrive

LESSON LIX, § 337

agmen, agminis, n., line of march, column; prīmum agmen, the van; novissimum agmen, the rear atque, ac, conj., and; atque is used before vowels and consonants, ac before consonants only. Cf. et and -que concilium, conci´lī, n., council, assembly	Helvētiī, -ōrum, m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe passus, passūs, m., a pace, five Roman feet; mīlle passuum, a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile quā dē causā, for this reason, for what reason vāllum, -ī, n., earth-works, rampart
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus, fall (decadence) dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus, surrender, give up; with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one’s self, submit, with the dative of the indirect object premō, premere, pressī, pressus, press hard, harass vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus, annoy, ravage (vex)

LESSON LX, § 341

aut, conj., or; aut ... aut, either ... or

causā, abl. of causa, for the sake of, because of. Always stands after the gen. which modifies it

ferē, adv., nearly, almost

opīniō, -ōnis, f., opinion, supposition, expectation

rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae, f. (lit. the grain affair), grain supply

timor, -ōris, m., fear. Cf. timeō

undique, adv., from all sides

cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum, attempt, try

ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, move out, disembark; prōgredior, move forward, advance (egress, progress)

moror, morārī, morātus sum, delay

orior, orirī, ortus sum, arise, spring; begin; be born (from) (origin)

proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, set out

revertor, revertī, reversus sum, return (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., revertī

sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow (sequence). Note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes: cōnsequor (follow with), overtake; īnsequor (follow against), pursue; subsequor (follow under), follow close after

299

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; they are inserted to show etymological meanings.

The “parentheses” are shown in square brackets [ ], as in the original.

A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V

A
ā or ab, prep. with abl. from, by, off. Translated on in ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing; ā fronte, on the front or in front; ā dextrā, on the right; ā latere, on the side; etc. ab-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus, hide, conceal ab-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead off, lead away abs-cīdō, -ere, -cīdī,-cīsus [ab(s), off, + caedō, cut], cut off ab-sum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus, be away, be absent, be distant, be off; with ā or ab and abl., § 501.32 ac, conj., see atque ac-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ad, to, + capiō, take], receive, accept ācer, ācris, ācre, adj. sharp; figuratively, keen, active, eager (§ 471) acerbus, -a, -um, adj. bitter, sour aciēs, -ēī, f. [ācer, sharp], edge; line of battle ācriter, adv. [ācer, sharp], compared ācrius, ācerrimē, sharply, fiercely ad, prep. with acc. to, towards, near. With the gerund or gerundive, to, for ad-aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make equal, make level with ad-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, lead to; move, induce ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go to, approach, draw near, visit, with acc. (§ 413) ad-ferō, ad-ferre, at-tulī, ad-lātus, bring, convey; report, announce; render, give (§ 426) ad-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [ad, to, + faciō, do], affect, visit adflīctātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of adflīctō, shatter], shattered ad-flīgō, -ere, -flīxī, -flīctus, dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress ad-hibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [ad, to, + habeō, hold], apply, employ, use ad-hūc, adv. hitherto, as yet, thus far aditus, -ūs, m. [adeō, approach], approach, access; entrance. Cf. adventus ad-ligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, bind to, fasten ad-loquor, -loquī, -locūtus sum, dep. verb [ad, to, + loquor, speak], speak to, address, with acc. ad-ministrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, manage, direct admīrātiō, -ōnis, f. [admīror, wonder at], admiration, astonishment ad-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus, move to; apply, employ ad-propinquō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, come near, approach, with dat. ad-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūres, be present; assist; with dat., § 426 adulēscēns, -entis, m. and f. [part. of adolēscō, grow], a youth, young man, young person 300 adventus, -ūs, m. [ad, to, + veniō, come], approach, arrival (§ 466) adversus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of advertō, turn to], turned towards, facing; contrary, adverse. rēs adversae, adversity aedificium, aedifi´cī, n. [aedificō, build], building, edifice aedificō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus [aedēs, house, + faciō, make], build aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. sick, feeble aequālis, -e, adj. equal, like. As a noun, aequālis, -is, m. or f. one of the same age aequus, -a, -um, adj. even, level; equal Aesōpus, -ī, m. Æsop, a writer of fables aestās, -ātis, f. summer, initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer aetās, -ātis, f. age Aethiopia, -ae, f. Ethiopia, a country in Africa Āfrica, -ae, f. Africa Āfricānus, -a, -um, adj. of Africa. A name given to Scipio for his victories in Africa ager, agrī, m. field, farm, land (§ 462. c) agger, -eris, m. mound agmen, -inis, n. [agō, drive], an army on the march, column. prīmum agmen, the van agō, -ere, ēgī, āctus, drive, lead; do, perform. vītam agere, pass life agricola, -ae, m. [ager, field, + colō, cultivate], farmer agrī cultūra, -ae, f. agriculture āla, -ae, f. wing alacer, -cris, -cre, adj. active, eager. Cf. ācer alacritās, -ātis, f. [alacer, active], eagerness, alacrity alacriter, adv. [alacer, active], comp alacrius, alacerrimē, actively, eagerly albus, -a, -um, adj., white alcēs, -is, f. elk Alcmēna, -ae, f. Alcme´na, the mother of Hercules aliquis (-quī), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron. some one, some (§ 487) alius, -a, -ud (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. another, other. alius ... alius, one ... another. aliī ... aliī, some ... others (§ 110) Alpēs, -ium, f. plur. the Alps alter, -era, -erum (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. the one, the other (of two). alter ... alter, the one ... the other (§ 110)	altitūdō, -inis, f. [altus, high], height altus, -a, -um, adj. high, tall, deep Amāzonēs, -um, f. plur. Amazons, a fabled tribe of warlike women ambō, -ae, -ō, adj. (decl. like duo), both amīcē, adv. [amīcus, friendly], superl. amīcissimē, in a friendly manner amiciō, -īre, ——, -ictus [am-, about, + iaciō, throw], throw around, wrap about, clothe amīcitia, -ae, f. [amīcus, friend], friendship amīcus, -a, -um, adj. [amō, love], friendly. As a noun, amīcus, -ī, m. friend ā-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, send away; lose amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, love, like, be fond of (§ 488) amphitheātrum, -ī, n. amphitheater amplus, -a, -um, adj. large, ample; honorable, noble an, conj. or, introducing the second part of a double question ancilla, -ae, f. maidservant 301 ancora, -ae, f. anchor Andromeda, -ae, f. Androm´eda, daughter of Cepheus and wife of Perseus angulus, -ī, m. angle, corner anim-advertō, -ere, -tī, -sus [animus, mind, + advertō, turn to], turn the mind to, notice animal, -ālis, n. [anima, breath], animal (§ 465. b) animōsus, -a, -um, adj. spirited animus, -ī, m. [anima, breath], mind, heart; spirit, courage, feeling; in this sense often plural annus, -i, m. year ante, prep, with acc. before anteā, adv. [ante], before, formerly antīquus, -a, -um, adj. [ante, before], former, ancient, old aper, aprī, m. wild boar Apollō, -inis, m. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of Diana ap-pāreō, -ēre, -uī, —— [ad + pāreō, appear], appear ap-pellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call by name, name. Cf. nōminō, vocō Appius, -a, -um, adj. Appian ap-plicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, apply, direct, turn apud, prep, with acc. among; at, at the house of aqua, -ae, f. water aquila, -ae, f. eagle āra, -ae, f. altar arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum, think, suppose (§ 420. c). Cf. exīstimō, putō arbor, -oris, f. tree (§ 247. 1. a) Arcadia, -ae, f. Arcadia, a district in southern Greece ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsūrus, be on fire, blaze, burn arduus, -a, -um, adj. steep Arīcia, -ae, f. Aricia, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome ariēs, -etis, m. battering-ram (p. 221) arma, -ōrum, n. plur. arms, weapons. Cf. tēlum armātus, -a, -um, adj. [armō, arm], armed, equipped arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, plow, till ars, artis, f. art, skill articulus, -ī, m. joint ascrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [ad, in addition, + scrībō, write], enroll, enlist Āsia, -ae, f. Asia, i.e. Asia Minor at, conj. but. Cf. autem, sed Athēnae, -ārum, f. plur. Athens Atlās, -antis, m. Atlas, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky at-que, ac, conj. and, and also, and what is more. atque may be used before either vowels or consonants, ac before consonants only attentus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of attendō, direct (the mind) toward], attentive, intent on, careful at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj. thunderstruck, astounded audācia, -ae, f. [audāx, bold], boldness, audacity audācter, adv. [audāx, bold], compared audācius, audācissimē, boldly audāx, -ācis, adj. bold, daring audeō, -ēre, ausus sum, dare audiō, -īre, -īvī or -īī, -ītus, hear, listen to (§§ 420.d; 491) Augēās, -ae, m. Auge´as, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned aura, -ae, f. air, breeze aurātus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum, gold], adorned with gold 302 aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum, gold], golden aurum, -ī, n. gold aut, conj. or. aut ... aut, either ... or autem, conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, but, moreover, however, now. Cf. at, sed auxilium, auxi´lī, n. help, aid, assistance; plur. auxiliaries ā-vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus, turn away, turn aside avis, -is, f. bird (§ 243. 1)
B
ballista, -ae, f. ballista, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220) balteus, -ī, m. belt, sword belt barbarus, -ī, m. barbarian, savage bellum, -ī, n. war. bellum īnferre, with dat. make war upon bene, adv. [for bonē, from bonus], compared melius, optimē, well benignē, adv. [benignus, kind], compared benignius, benignissimē, kindly benignus, -a, -um, adj. good-natured, kind, often used with dat. bīnī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. two each, two at a time (§ 334)	bis, adv. twice bonus, -a, -um, adj. compared melior, optimus, good, kind (§ 469. a) bōs, bovis (gen. plur. boum or bovum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus or būbus), m. and f. ox, cow bracchium, bracchī, n. arm brevis, -e, adj. short Brundisium, -ī, n. Brundisium, a seaport in southern Italy. See map bulla, -ae, f. bulla, a locket made of small concave plates of gold fastened by a spring (p. 212)
C
C. abbreviation for Gāius, Eng. Caius cadō, -ere, ce´cidī, cāsūrus, fall caedēs, -is, f. [caedō, cut], (a cutting down), slaughter, carnage (§ 465. a) caelum, -ī, n. sky, heavens Caesar, -aris, m. Cæsar, the famous general, statesman, and writer calamitās, -ātis, f. loss, calamity, defeat, disaster calcar, -āris, n. spur (§ 465. b) Campānia, -ae, f. Campania., a district of central Italy. See map Campānus, -a, -um, adj. of Campania campus, -ī, m. plain, field, esp. the Campus Martius, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome canis, -is, m. and f. dog canō, -ere, ce´cinī, ——, sing cantō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus [canō, sing], sing Capēnus, -a, -um, adj. of Capena, esp. the Porta Cape´na, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus, take, seize, capture (§ 492) Capitōlīnus, -a, -um, adj. belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline Capitōlium, Capitō´lī, n. [caput, head], the Capitol, the hill at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel capsa, -ae, f. box for books captīvus, -ī, m. [capiō, take], captive Capua, -ae, f. Capua, a large city of Campania. See map caput, -itis, n. head (§ 464. 2. b) carcer, -eris, m. prison, jail carrus, -ī, m. cart, wagon cārus, -a, -um, adj. dear; precious casa, -ae, f. hut, cottage 303 castellum, -ī, n. [dim. of castrum, fort], redoubt, fort castrum, -ī, n. fort. Usually in the plural, castra, -ōrum, a military camp. castra pōnere, to pitch camp cāsus, -us, m. [cadō, fall], chance; misfortune, loss catapulta, -ae, f. catapult, an engine for hurling stones catēna, -ae, f. chain caupōna, -ae, f. inn causa, -ae, f. cause, reason, quā dē causā, for this reason cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessūrus, give way, retire celer, -eris, -ere, adj. swift, fleet celeritās, -ātis, f. [celer, swift], swiftness, speed celeriter, adv. [celer, swift], compared celerius, celerrimē, swiftly cēna, -ae, f. dinner centum, indecl. numeral adj. hundred centuriō, -ōnis, m. centurion, captain Cēpheus (dissyl.), -eī (acc. Cēphea), m. Cepheus, a king of Ethiopia and father of Andromeda Cerberus, -ī, m. Cerberus, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades certāmen, -inis, n. [certō, struggle], struggle, contest, rivalry certē, adv. [certus, sure], compared certius, certissimē, surely, certainly certus, -a, -um, adj. fixed, certain, sure. aliquem certiōrem facere (to make some one more certain), to inform some one cervus, -ī, m. stag, deer cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, delay, cease cibāria, -ōrum, n. plur. food, provisions cibus, -ī, m. food, victuals Cimbrī, -ōrum, m. plur. the Cimbri Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. Cimbrian cīnctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of cingō, surround], girt, surrounded cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctus, gird, surround circiter, adv. about circum, prep, with acc. around circum´-dō, -dare, -dedī, -datus, place around, surround, inclose circum´-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus, go around circum-sistō, -ere, circum´stetī, ——, stand around, surround circum-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus (come around), surround citerior, -ius, adj. in comp., superl. citimus, hither, nearer (§ 475) cīvīlis, -e, adj. [cīvis], civil cīvis, -is, m. and f. citizen (§ 243. 1) cīvitās, -ātis, f. [cīvis, citizen], (body of citizens), state; citizenship clāmor, -ōris, m. shout, cry clārus, -a, -um, adj. clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining classis, -is, f. fleet claudō, -ere, -sī, -sus, shut, close clavus, -ī, m. stripe cliēns, -entis, m. dependent, retainer, client (§ 465. a) Cocles, -itis, m. (blind in one eye), Cocles, the surname of Horatius co-gnōscō, -ere, -gnōvī, -gnītus, learn, know, understand. Cf. sciō (§ 420. b) cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctus [co(m)-, together, + agō, drive], (drive together), collect; compel, drive cohors, cohortis, f. cohort, the tenth part of a legion, about 360 men collis, -is, m. hill, in summō colle, on top of the hill (§ 247. 2. a) collum, -ī, n. neck 304 colō, -ere, coluī, cultus, cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to columna, -ae, f. column, pillar com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), a prefix, together, with, or intensifying the meaning of the root word coma, -ae, f. hair comes, -itis, m. and f. [com-, together, + eō, go], companion, comrade comitātus, -ūs, m. [comitor, accompany], escort, company comitor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [comes, companion], accompany com-meātus, -ūs, m. supplies com-minus, adv. [com-, together, + manus, hand], hand to hand com-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, join together; commit, intrust. proelium committere, join battle. sē committere with dat, trust one’s self to commodē, adv. [commodus, fit], compared commodius, commodissimē, conveniently, fitly commodus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, fit com-mōtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of commoveō, move], aroused, moved com-parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + parō, prepare], prepare; provide, get com-pleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētus [com-, intensive, + pleō, fill], fill up complexus, -ūs, m. embrace	com-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus [com-, together, + premō, press], press together, grasp, seize con-cidō, -ere, -cidī, —— [com-, intensive, + cadō, fall], fall down concilium, conci´lī, n. meeting, council con-clūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsus [com-, intensive, + claudō, close], shut up, close; end, finish con-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus [com-, together, + currō, run], run together; rally, gather condiciō, -ōnis, f. [com-, together, + dicō, talk], agreement, condition, terms con-dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, pardon con-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, hire cōn-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, bring together. sē cōnferre, betake one’s self cōn-fertus, -a, -um, adj. crowded, thick cōnfestim, adv. immediately cōn-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [com-, completely, + faciō, do], make, complete, accomplish, finish cōn-fīrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make firm, establish, strengthen, affirm, assert cōn-fluō, -ere, -flūxī, ——, flow together cōn-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus, flee for refuge, flee con-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [com-, intensive, + iaciō, throw], hurl con-iungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus [com-, together, + iungō, join], join together, unite con-iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + iūrō, swear], unite by oath, conspire con-locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + locō, place], arrange, place, station conloquium, conlo´quī, n. [com-, together, + loquor, speak], conversation, conference cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, endeavor, attempt, try cōn-scendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsus [com-, intensive, + scandō, climb], climb up, ascend. nāvem cōnscendere, embark, go on board 305 cōn-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [com-, together, + scrībō, write], (write together), enroll, enlist cōn-secrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + sacrō, consecrate], consecrate, devote cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [com-, intensive, + sequor, follow], pursue; overtake; win cōn-servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, intensive, + servō, save], preserve, save cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n. plan, purpose, design; wisdom cōn-sistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitus [com-, intensive, + sistō, cause to stand], stand firmly, halt, take one’s stand cōn-spiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectus [com-, intensive, + spiciō, spy], look at attentively, perceive, see cōnstantia, -ae, f. firmness, steadiness, perseverance cōn-stituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus [com-, intensive, + statuō, set], establish, determine, resolve cōn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stātūrus [com-, together, + stō, stand], agree; be certain ; consist of cōnsul, -ulis, m. consul (§ 464. 2. a) cōn-sūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus [com-, intensive, + sumō, take], consume, use up con-tendō, -ere, -dī, -tus, strain; hasten; fight, contend, struggle con-tineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus [com-, together, + teneō, hold], hold together, hem in, contain; restrain contrā, prep, with acc. against, contrary to con-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus [com-, together, + trahō, draw], draw together; of sails, shorten, furl contrōversia, -ae, f. dispute, quarrel con-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [com-, together, + veniō, come], come together, meet, assemble con-vertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus [com-, intensive, + vertō, turn], turn con-vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [com-, together, + vocō, call], call together co-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum, dep. verb [com-, intensive, + orior, rise], rise, break forth cōpia, -ae, f. [com-, intensive, + ops, wealth], abundance, wealth, plenty. Plur. cōpiae, -ārum, troops coquō, -ere, coxī, coctus, cook Corinthus, -ī, f. Corinth, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth Cornēlia, -ae, f. Cornelia, daughter of Scipio and mother of the Gracchi Cornēlius, Cornē´lī, m. Cornelius, a Roman name cornū, -ūs, n. horn; wing of an army, ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing (§ 466) corōna, -ae, f. garland, wreath; crown corōnātus, -a, -um, adj. crowned corpus, -oris, n. body cor-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus [com-, intensive, + rapiō, seize], seize, grasp cotīdiānus, -a, -um, adj. daily cotīdiē, adv. daily crēber, -bra, -brum, adj. thick, crowded, numerous, frequent crēdō, -ere, -dīdī, -ditus, trust, believe, with dat. (§ 501.14) cremō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, burn creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, make; elect, appoint Creōn, -ontis, m. Creon, a king of Corinth crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētus, rise, grow, increase 306 Crēta, -ae, f. Crete, a large island in the Mediterranean Crētaeus, -a, -um, adj. Cretan crūs, crūris, n. leg crūstulum, -ī, n. pastry, cake cubīle, -is, n. bed cultūra, -ae, f. culture, cultivation cum, conj. with the indic. or subjv. when; since; although (§ 501.46) cum, prep, with abl. with (§ 209) cupidē, adv. [cupidus, desirous], compared cupidius, cupidissimē, eagerly cupiditās, -ātis, f. [cupidus, desirous], desire, longing cupiō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, desire, wish. Cf. volō cūr, adv. why, wherefore cūra, -ae, f. care, pains; anxiety cūria, -ae, f. senate house cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cūra, care], care for, attend to, look after currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus, run currus, -ūs, m. chariot cursus, -ūs, m. course custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [custōs, guard], guard, watch
D
Daedalus, -ī, m. Dæd´alus, the supposed inventor of the first flying machine Dāvus, -ī, m. Davus, name of a slave dē, prep, with abl. down from, from; concerning, about, for (§ 209). quā dē causā, for this reason, wherefore dea, -ae, f. goddess (§ 461. a) dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [dē, from, + habeō, hold], owe, ought, should decem, indecl. numeral adj. ten dē-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus [dē, from, + cernō, separate], decide, decree dē-cidō, -ere, -cidī, —— [dē, down, + cadō, fall], fall down decimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. tenth dēclīvis, -e, adj. sloping downward dē-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus, give up, surrender, sē dēdere, surrender one’s self dē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [dē, down, + dūcō, lead], lead down, escort dē-fendō, -ere, -dī, -fēnsus, ward off, repel, defend dē-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus [dē, down, + ferō, bring], bring down; report, announce (§ 426) dē-fessus, -a, -um, adj. tired out, weary dē-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [dē, from, + faciō, make], fail, be wanting; revolt from dē-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus [dē, down, + fīgō, fasten], fasten, fix dē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [dē, down, + iaciō, hurl], hurl down; bring down, kill de-inde, adv. (from thence), then, in the next place dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, delight dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētus, blot out, destroy dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, weigh, deliberate, ponder dē-ligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctus [dē, from, + legō, gather], choose, select Delphicus, -a, -um, adj. Delphic dēmissus, -a, -um [part. of dēmittō, send down], downcast, humble dē-mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, out, + mōnstrō, point], point out, show dēmum, adv. at last, not till then. tum dēmum, then at last dēnique, adv. at last, finally. Cf. postrēmō dēns, dentis, m. tooth (§ 247. 2. a) dēnsus, -a, -um, adj. dense, thick 307 dē-pendeō, -ēre, ——, —— [dē, down, + pendeō, hang], hang from, hang down dē-plōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, intensive, + plōrō, wail], bewail, deplore dē-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus [dē, down, + pōnō, put], put down dē-scendō, -ere, -dī, -scēnsus [dē, down, + scandō, climb], climb down, descend dē-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus [dē, down, + scrībō, write], write down dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, long for dē-siliō, -īre, -uī, -sultus [dē, down, + saliō, leap], leap down dē-spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, away from, + spērō, hope], despair dē-spiciō, -ere, -spēxi, -spectus [dē, down], look down upon, despise dē-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [dē, away from, + sum, be], be wanting, lack, with dat. (§ 426) deus, -ī, m. god (§ 468) dē-volvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus [dē, down, + volvō, roll], roll down dē-vorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [dē, down, + vorō, swallow], devour dexter, -tra, -trum (-tera, -terum), adj. to the right, right. ā dextrō cornū, on the right wing Diāna, -ae, f. Diana, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo	dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus (imv. dīc), say, speak, tell. Usually introduces indirect discourse (§ 420. a) dictātor, -ōris, m. [dictō, dictate], dictator, a chief magistrate with unlimited power diēs, -ēi or diē, m., sometimes f. in sing., day (§ 467) dif-ferō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātus [dis-, apart, + ferō, carry], carry apart; differ. differre inter sē, differ from each other dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [dis-, not, + facilis, easy], hard, difficult (§ 307) difficultās, -ātis, f. [difficilis, hard], difficulty dīligenter, adv. [dīligēns, careful], compared dīligentius, dīligentissimē, industriously, diligently dīligentia, -ae, f. [dīligēns, careful], industry, diligence dī-micō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, fight, struggle dī-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [dī-, off, + mittō, send], send away, dismiss, disband. dīmittere animum in, direct one’s mind to, apply one’s self to Diomēdēs, -is, m. Dī-o-mē´dēs, a name dis-, dī-, a prefix expressing separation, off, apart, in different directions. Often negatives the meaning dis-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus [dis-, apart, + cēdō, go], depart from, leave, withdraw, go away dis-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus [dis-, apart, + cernō, sift], separate; distinguish disciplīna, -ae, f. instruction, training, discipline discipulus, -ī, m. [discō, learn], pupil, disciple discō, -ere, didicī, ——, learn dis-cutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus [dis-, apart, + quatiō, shake], shatter, dash to pieces dis-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus [dis-, apart, + pōnō, put], put here and there, arrange, station dis-similis, -e, adj. [dis-, apart, + similis, like], unlike, dissimilar (§ 307) dis-tribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus, divide, distribute 308 diū, adv., compared diūtius, diūtissimē, for a long time, long (§ 477) dō, dare, dedī, datus, give. in fugam dare, put to flight. alicui negōtium dare, employ some one doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus, teach, show doctrīna, -ae, f. [doctor, teacher], teaching, learning, wisdom dolor, -ōris, m. pain, sorrow domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [domus, house], of the house, domestic domicilium, domici´lī, n. dwelling; house, abode. Cf. domus domina, -ae, f. mistress (of the house), lady (§ 461) dominus, -ī, m. master (of the house), owner, ruler (§ 462) domus, -ūs, f. house, home. domī, locative, at home (§ 468) dormiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, sleep dracō, -ōnis, m. serpent, dragon dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, hesitate dubius, -a, -um, adj. [duo, two], (moving two ways), doubtful, dubious du-centī, -ae, -a, numeral adj. two hundred dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus (imv. dūc), lead, conduct dum, conj. while, as long as duo, duae, duo, numeral adj. two (§ 479) duo-decim, indecl. numeral adj. twelve dūrus, -a, -um, adj. hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter dux, ducis, m. and f. [cf. dūcō, lead], leader, commander
E
ē or ex, prep, with abl. out of, from, off, of (§ 209) eburneus, -a, -um, adj. of ivory ecce, adv. see! behold! there! here! ē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [ē, out, + dūcō, lead], lead out, draw out ef-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [ex, thoroughly, + faciō, do], work out; make, cause ef-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus [ex, from, + fugiō, flee], escape egeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, be in need of, lack, with abl. (§ 501.32) ego, pers. pron. I; plur. nōs, we (§ 480) ē-gredior, -ī, ēgressus sum, dep. verb [ē, out of, + gradior, go], go out, go forth. ē nāvī ēgredī, disembark ē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [ē, forth, + iaciō, hurl], hurl forth, expel elementum, -ī, n., in plur. first principles, rudiments elephantus, -ī, m. elephant Ēlis, Ēlidis, f. E´lis, a district of southern Greece emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptus, buy, purchase enim, conj., never standing first, for, in fact, indeed. Cf. nam Ennius, Ennī, m. Ennius, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C. eō, īre, iī (īvī), itūrus, go (§ 499) eō, adv. to that place, thither Ēpīrus, -ī, f. Epi´rus, a district in the north of Greece eques, -itis, m. [equus, horse], horseman, cavalryman equitātus, -ūs, m. [equitō, ride], cavalry equus, -ī, m. horse ē-rigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus [ē, out, + regō, make straight], raise up ē-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus [ē, out of, + rapiō, seize], seize, rescue ē-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus [ē, forth, + rumpō, break], burst forth ēruptiō, -ōnis, f. sally 309 Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj. Erymanthian, of Erymanthus, a district in southern Greece et, conj. and, also. et ... et, both ... and. Cf. atque, ac, -que etiam, adv. (rarely conj.) [et, also, + iam, now], yet, still; also, besides. Cf. quoque. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also	Etrūscī, -ōrum, m. the Etruscans, the people of Etruria. See map of Italy Eurōpa, -ae, f. Europe Eurystheus, -ī, m. Eurys´theus, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern Greece ē-vādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsus [ē, out, + vādō, go], go forth, escape ex, see ē exanimātus, -a, -um [part. of exanimō, put out of breath (anima)], adj. out of breath, tired; lifeless ex-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [ex, out, + capiō, take], welcome, receive exemplum, -ī, n. example, model ex-eō,-īre,-iī,-itūrus [ex, out, + eō, go], go out, go forth (§ 413) ex-erceō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [ex, out, + arceō, shut], (shut out), employ, train, exercise, use exercitus, -us, m. [exerceō, train], army ex-īstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + aestimō, reckon], estimate; think, judge (§ 420. c). Cf. arbitror, putō ex-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum, dep. verb [ex, forth, + orior, rise], come forth, rise expedītus, -a, -um, adj. without baggage ex-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [ex, out, + pellō, drive], drive out ex-piō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, intensive, + pīo, atone for], make amends for, atone for explōrātor, -ōris, m. [explōrō, investigate], spy, scout explōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, examine, explore ex-pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + pugnō, fight], take by storm, capture exsilium, exsi´lī, n. [exsul, exile], banishment, exile ex-spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ex, out, + spectō, look], expect, wait ex-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus [ex, out, + struō, build], build up, erect exterus, -a, -um, adj., compared exterior, extrēmus or extimus, outside, outer (§ 312) extrā, prep, with acc. beyond, outside of ex-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus [ex, out, + trahō, drag], drag out, pull forth extrēmus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of exterus, utmost, farthest (§ 312)
F
fābula, -ae, f. story, tale, fable facile, adv. [facilis, easy], compared facilius, facillimē, easily (§ 322) facilis, -e, adj. [cf. faciō, make], easy, without difficulty (§ 307) faciō, -ere, fēcī, factus (imv. fac), make, do; cause, bring about. impetum facere in, make an attack upon. proelium facere, fight a battle. iter facere, make a march or journey. aliquem certiōrem facere, inform some one. facere verba prō, speak in behalf of. Passive fīō, fierī, factus sum, be done, happen. certior fierī, be informed fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsus, trip, betray, deceive fāma, -ae, f. report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation 310 famēs, -is (abl. famē), f. hunger familia, -ae, f. servants, slaves; household, family fascēs, -ium (plur. of fascis), f. fasces (p. 225) fastīgium, fastī´gī, n. top; slope, descent fātum, -ī, n. fate, destiny faucēs, -ium, f. plur. jaws, throat faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautūrus, be favorable to, favor, with dat. (§ 501.14) fēlīx, -īcis, adj. happy, lucky fēmina, -ae, f. woman. Cf. mulier fera, -ae, f. [ferus, wild], wild beast ferāx, -ācis, adj. fertile ferē, adv. about, nearly, almost ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, bear. graviter or molestē ferre, be annoyed (§ 498) ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum, iron], made of iron fidēlis, -e, adj. [fidēs, trust], faithful, true fidēs, fideī or fidē, trust, faith; promise, word; protection. in fidem venīre, come under the protection. in fidē manēre, remain loyal fīlia, -ae (dat. and abl. plur. fīliābus), f. daughter (§ 461. a) fīlius, fīlī (voc. sing, fīlī), m. son fīnis, -is, m. boundary, limit, end; in plur. territory, country (§ 243. 1) fīnitimus, -a, -um, adj. [fīnis, boundary], adjoining, neighboring. Plur. fīnitimī, -ōrum, m. neighbors	fīō, fierī, factus sum, used as passive of faciō. See faciō (§ 500) flamma, -ae, f. fire, flame flōs, flōris, m. flower fluctus, -ūs, m. [of. fluō, flow], flood, wave, billow flūmen, -inis, n. [cf. fluō, flow], river (§ 464. 2. b) fluō, -ere, flūxī, fluxus, flow fluvius, fluvī, m. [cf. fluō, flow], river fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus, dig fōns, fontis, m. fountain (§ 247. 2. a) fōrma, -ae, f. form, shape, appearance; beauty Formiae, -ārum, f. Formiae, a town of Latium on the Appian Way. See map forte, adv. [abl. of fors, chance], by chance fortis, -e, adj. strong; fearless, brave fortiter, adv. [fortis, strong], compared fortius, fortissimē, strongly; bravely fortūna, -ae, f. [fors, chance], chance, fate, fortune forum, -ī, n. market place, esp. the Forum Rōmānum, where the life of Rome centered Forum Appī, Forum of Appius, a town in Latium on the Appian Way fossa, -ae, f. [cf. fodiō, dig], ditch fragor, -ōris, m. [cf. frangō, break], crash, noise frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctus, break frāter, -tris, m. brother fremitus, -ūs, m. loud noise frequentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, attend frētus, -a, -um, adj. supported, trusting. Usually with abl. of means frōns, frontis, f. front, ā fronte, in front frūctus, -ūs, m. fruit frūmentārius, -a, -um, adj. pertaining to grain. rēs frūmentāria, grain supplies frūmentum, -ī, n. grain frūstrā, adv. in vain, vainly fuga, -ae, f. [cf. fugiō, flee], flight. in fugam dare, put to flight 311 fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus, flee, run; avoid, shun fūmō, -are, ——, ——, smoke fūnis, -is, m. rope furor, -ōris, m. [furō, rage], madness. in furōrem incīdere, go mad
G
Gāius, Gāī, m. Gaius, a Roman name, abbreviated C., English form Caius Galba, -ae, m. Galba, a Roman name galea, -ae, f. helmet Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul, the country comprising what is now Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. Gallic gallīna, -ae, f. hen, chicken Gallus, -ī, m. a Gaul gaudium, gaudī, n. joy Genāva, -ae, f. Geneva, a city in Switzerland gēns, gentis, f. [cf. gignō, beget], race, family; people, nation, tribe genus, -eris, n. kind, variety Germānia, -ae, f. Germany Germānus, -ī, m. a German gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus, carry, wear; wage. bellum gerere, wage war. rēs gestae, exploits. bene gerere, carry on successfully	gladiātōrius, -a, -um, adj. gladiatorial gladius, gladī, m. sword glōria, -ae, f. glory, fame Gracchus, -ī, m. Gracchus, name of a famous Roman family gracilis, -e, adj. slender (§ 307) Graeca, -ōrum, n. plur. Greek writings, Greek literature Graecē, adv. in Greek Graecia, -ae, f. Greece grammaticus, -ī, m. grammarian grātia, -ae, f. thanks, gratitude grātus, -a, -um, adj. acceptable, pleasing. Often with dat. (§ 501.16) gravis, -ē, adj. heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest, weighty graviter, adv. [gravis, heavy], compared gravius, gravissimē, heavily; greatly, seriously. graviter ferre, bear ill, take to heart gubernātor, -ōris, m. [gubernō, pilot], pilot
H
habēna, -ae, f. halter, rein. habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, have, hold; regard, consider, deem habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cf. habeō, have], dwell, abide, inhabit. Cf. incolō, vīvō hāc-tenus, adv. thus far Helvētiī, -ōrum, m. the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe Herculēs, -is, m. Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of strength Hesperidēs, -um, f. the Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, who kept the garden of the golden apples hic, haec, hoc, demonstrative adj. and pron. this (of mine); as pers. pron. he, she, it (§ 481) hīc, adv. here hiems, -emis, f. winter hīnc, adv. [hīc, here], from here, hence Hippolytē, -ēs, f. Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons	ho-diē, adv. [modified form of hōc diē, on this day], to-day homō, -inis, m. and f. (human being), man, person honestus, -a, -um, adv. [honor, honor], respected, honorable 312 honor, -ōris, m. honor hōra, -ae, f. hour Horātius, Horā´tī, m. Horatius, a Roman name horribilis, -e, adj. terrible, horrible hortor, -āri, -ātus sum, dep. verb, urge, incite, exhort, encourage (§ 493) hortus, -ī, m. garden hospitium, hospi´tī, n. [hospes, host], hospitality hostis, -is, m. and f. enemy, foe (§ 465. a) humilis, -e, adj. low, humble (§ 307) Hydra, -ae, f. the Hydra, a mythical water snake slain by Hercules
I
iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactus, throw, hurl iam, adv. now, already. nec iam, and no longer Iāniculum, -ī, n. the Janiculum, one of the hills of Rome iānua, -ae, f. door ibi, adv. there, in that place Īcarus, -ī, m. Ic´arus, the son of Dædalus ictus, -ūs, m. [cf. īcō, strike], blow īdem, e´adem, idem, demonstrative pron. [is + dem], same (§ 481) idōneus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, fit igitur, conj., seldom the first word, therefore, then. Cf. itaque ignis, -is, m. fire (§§ 243.1; 247.2.a; 465.1) ignōtus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + (g)notus, known], unknown, strange ille, illa, illud, demonstrative adj. and pron. that (yonder); as pers. pron. he, she, it (§ 481) illīc, adv. [cf. ille], yonder, there im-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [in, against, + mittō, send], send against; let in immolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [in, upon, + mola, meal], sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice im-mortālis, -e, adj. [in-, not, + mortalis, mortal], immortal im-mortālitās, -ātis, f. [immortālis, immortal], immortality im-parātus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + parātus, prepared], unprepared impedīmentum, -ī, n. [impediō, hinder], hindrance; in plur. baggage impedītus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of impediō, hinder], hindered, burdened im-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [in, against, + pellō, strike], strike against; impel, drive, propel imperātor, -ōris, m. [imperō, command], general imperium, impe´rī, n. [imperō, command], command, order; realm, empire; power, authority imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, command, order. Usually with dat. and an object clause of purpose (§ 501.41). With acc. object, levy, impose impetus, -ūs, m. attack, impetum facere in, make an attack upon im-pōnō, -ere, -posui, -positus [in, upon, + pōnō, place], place upon; impose, assign in, prep, with acc. into, to, against, at, upon, towards; with abl. in, on. in reliquum tempus, for the future in-, inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a negative force, like English un-, in- in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + cautus, careful], off one’s guard 313 incendium, incendī, n. flame, fire. Cf. ignis, flamma in-cendō, -ere, -dī, -cēnsus, set fire to, burn in-cidō, -ere, -cidī, ——, [in, in, on, + cadō, fall], fall in, fall on; happen. in furōrem incidere, go mad in-cipiō, -ere, -cēpi, -ceptus [in, on, + capiō, take], begin in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + cognitus, known], unknown in-colō, -ere, -uī, ——, [in, in, + colō, dwell], inhabit; live incolumis, -e, adj. sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed in-crēdibilis, -e, adj. [in-, not, + crēdibilis, to be believed], incredible inde, from that place, thence induō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus, put on indūtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of induō, put on], clothed in-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [in, into, + eō, go], go into; enter upon, begin, with acc. (§ 413) īn-fāns, -fantis, adj. [in-, not, + *fāns, speaking], not speaking. As a noun, m. and f. infant īn-fēlīx, -īcis, adj. [in-, not, + fēlīx, happy], unhappy, unlucky īnfēnsus, -a, -um, adj. hostile īn´-ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus [in, against, + ferō, bear], bring against or upon, inflict, with acc. and dat. (§ 501.15). bellum īnferre, with dat., make war upon īnferus, -a, -um, adj. low, below (§ 312). īn-fīnītus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + fīnītus, bounded], boundless, endless īn-fīrmus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + fīrmus, strong], weak, infirm ingenium, inge´ni, n. talent, ability ingēns, -entis, adj. vast, huge, enormous, large. Cf. magnus	in-gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum [in, in, + gradior, walk], advance, enter inimīcus, -a, -um, adj. [in-, not, + amīcus, friendly], hostile. As a noun, inimīcus, -ī, m. enemy, foe. Cf. hostis initium, ini´tī, entrance, beginning initus, -a, -um, part. of ineō. initā aestāte, at the beginning of summer iniūria, -ae, f. [in, against, + iūs, law], injustice, wrong, injury. alicui iniūriās īnferre, inflict wrongs upon some one inopia, -ae, f. [inops, needy], want, need, lack in-opīnāns, -antis, adj. [in-, not, + opīnāns, thinking], not expecting, taken by surprise inquit, said he, said she. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation in-rigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, irrigate, water in-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus [in, into, + rumpō, break], burst in, break in in-ruō, -ere, -ruī,—— [in, in, + ruō, rush], rush in īn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [in, on, + sequor, follow], follow on, pursue īn-signe, -is, n. badge, decoration (§ 465. b) īnsignis, -e, adj. remarkable, noted īnstāns, -antis, adj. [part. of īnsto, be at hand], present, immediate īn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -statūrus [in, upon, + stō, stand], stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on īnstrūmentum, -ī, n. instrument īn-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus [in, on, + struō, build], draw up 314 īnsula, -ae, f. island integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, whole; fresh, new intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctus [inter, between, +legō, choose], perceive, understand (§ 420. d) intentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, aim; threaten inter, prep. with acc. between, among; during, while (§ 340) interfectus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of inter-ficiō, kill], slain, dead inter-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [inter, between, + faciō, make], put out of the way, kill. Cf. necō, occīdō, trucīdō interim, adv. meanwhile interior, -ius, adj. interior, inner (§ 315) inter-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus, leave off, suspend interpres, -etis, m. and f. interpreter inter-rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, question inter-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [inter, between, +sum, be], be present, take part in, with dat. (§ 501.15) inter-vāllum, -ī, n. interval, distance intrā, adv. and prep. with acc. within, in intrō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus, go into, enter in-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [in, upon, +veniō, come], find invīsus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of invideō, envy], hated, detested Iolāus, -ī, m. I-o-lā´us, a friend of Hercules ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. that very, this very; self, himself, herself, itself, (§ 481) īra, -ae, f. wrath, anger īrātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of īrāscor, be angry], angered, enraged is, ea, id, demonstrative adj. and pron. this, that; he, she, it (§ 481) iste, -a, -ud, demonstrative adj. and pron. that (of yours), he, she, it (§ 481) ita, adv. so, thus. Cf. sīc and tam Italia, -ae, f. Italy ita-que, conj. and so, therefore item, adv. also iter, itineris, n. journey, march, route; way, passage (§§ 247.1.a; 468). iter dare, give a right of way, allow to pass. iter facere, march (see p. 159) iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus, order, command. Usually with the infin. and subj. acc. (§ 213) iūdex, -icis, m. and f. judge (§ 464. 1) iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [iūdex, judge], judge, decide (§ 420. c) Iūlia, -ae, Julia, a Roman name Iūlius, Iūlī, m. Julius, a Roman name iungō, -ēre, iūnxī, iūnctus, join; yoke, harness Iūnō, -ōnis, f. Juno, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter Iuppiter, Iovis, m. Jupiter, the supreme god iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, swear, take an oath iussus, -a, -um, part. of iubeō, ordered
L
L., abbreviation for Lūcius labefactus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of labefaciō, cause to shake], shaken, weakened, ready to fall Labiēnus, -ī, m. La-bi-e´nus, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants labor, -ōris, m. labor, toil labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [labor, labor], labor; suffer, be hard pressed lacrima, -ae, f. tear lacus, -ūs (dat. and abl. plur. lacubus), m. lake 315 laetē, adv. [laetus, glad], compared laetius, laetissimē, gladly laetitia, -ae, f. [laetus, glad], joy laetus, -a, -um, adj. glad, joyful lapis, -idis, m. stone (§§ 247.2.a; 464.1) Lār, Laris, m.; plur. Larēs, -um (rarely -ium), the Lares or household, gods lātē, adv. [lātus, wide], compared lātius, lātissimē, widely Latinē, adv. in Latin. Latīnē loquī, to speak Latin lātitūdō, -inis, f. [lātus, wide], width Lātōna, -ae, f. Latona, mother of Apollo and Diana latus, -a, -um, adj. wide lātus, -eris, n. side, flank. ab utrōque latere, on each side laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [laus, praise], praise laurea, -ae, f. laurel laureātus, -a, -um, adj. crowned with laurel laus, laudis, f. praise lectulus, -ī, m. couch, bed lēgātus, -ī, m. ambassador; lieutenant legiō, -ōnis, f. [cf. legō, gather], (body of soldiers), legion, about 3600 men (§ 464. 2. a) legiōnārius, -a, -um, adj. legionary. Plur. legiōnariī, -ōrum, m. the soldiers of the legion legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctus, read lēnis, -e, adj. gentle, smooth, mild lēniter, adv. [lēnis, gentle], compared lēnius, lēnissimē, gently	Lentulus, -i, m. Lentulus, a Roman family name leō, -ōnis, m. lion Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj. Lernæean, of Lerna, in southern Greece Lesbia, -ae, f. Lesbia, a girl’s name levis, -e, adj. light lēx, lēgis, f. measure, law libenter, adv. [libēns, willing], compared libentius, libentissimē, willingly, gladly līber, -era, -erum, adj. free (§ 469. b) līberī, -ōrum, m. [līber, free], children līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [līber, free], set free, release, liberate lībertās, -ātis, f. [līber, free], freedom, liberty līctor, -ōris, m. lictor (p. 225) līmus, -ī, m. mud littera, -ae, f. a letter of the alphabet; in plur. a letter, epistle lītus, -oris, n. seashore, beach locus, -ī, m. (plur. locī and loca, m. and n.), place, spot longē, adv. [longus, long], comp. longius, longissimē, a long way off; by far longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [longus, long], distant, remote longitūdō, -inis, f. [longus, long], length longus, -a, -um, adj. long loquor, loqui, locūtus sum, dep. verb, talk, speak lōrīca, -ae, f. [lōrum, thong], coat of mail, corselet lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsus, play lūdus, -ī, m. play; school, the elementary grades. Cf. schola lūna, -ae, f. moon lūx, lūcis, f. (no gen. plur.), light. prīma lūx, daybreak Lȳdia, -ae, f. Lydia, a girl’s name
M
M., abbreviation for Mārcus magicus, -a, -um, adj. magic magis, adv. in comp. degree [magnus, great], more, in a higher degree (§ 323) 316 magister, -trī, m. master, commander; teacher magistrātus, -ūs, m. [magister, master], magistracy; magistrate magnitūdō, -inis, f. [magnus, great], greatness, size magnopere, adv. [abl. of magnum opus], compared magis, maximē, greatly, exceedingly (§ 323) magnus, -a, -um, adj., compared maior, maximus, great, large; strong, loud (§ 311) maior, maius, -ōris, adj., comp. of magnus, greater, larger (§ 311) maiōrēs, -um, m. plur. of maior, ancestors mālō, mālle, māluī, —— [magis, more, + volō, wish], wish more, prefer (§ 497) malus, -a, -um, adj., compared peior, pessimus, bad, evil (§ 311) mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [manus, hand, + dō, put], (put in hand), intrust; order, command maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus, stay, remain, abide Mānlius, Mānlī, m. Manlius, a Roman name mānsuētus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of mānsuēscō, tame], tamed manus, -ūs, f. hand; force, band Mārcus, -ī, m. Marcus, Mark, a Roman first name mare, -is, n. (no gen. plur.), sea. mare tenēre, be out to sea margō, -inis, m. edge, border marītus, -ī, m. husband Marius, Marī, m. Marius, a Roman name, esp. C. Marius, the general Mārtius, -a, -um, adj. of Mars, esp. the Campus Martius māter, -tris, f. mother mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, n. marriage. in mātrimōnium dūcere, marry mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, hasten. Cf. contendō, properō mātūrus, -a, -um, adj. ripe, mature maximē, adv. in superl. degree [maximus, greatest], compared magnopere, magis, maximē, especially, very much (§ 323) maximus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of magnus, greatest, extreme (§ 311) medius, -a, -um, adj. middle part; middle, intervening melior, -ius, -ōris, adj., comp. of bonus, better (§ 311) melius, adv. in comp. degree, compared bene, melius, optimē, better (§ 323) memoria, -ae, f. [memor, mindful], memory. memoriā tenēre, remember mēns, mentis, f. mind. Cf. animus mēnsis, -is, m. month (§ 247. 2. a) mercātor, -ōris, m. [mercor, trade], trader, merchant merīdiānus, -a, -um, adj. [merīdiēs, noon], of midday merīdiēs, —— (acc. -em, abl. -ē), m. [medius, mid, + diēs, day], noon metus, -ūs, m. fear, dread meus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. my, mine (§ 98)	mīles, -itis, m. soldier (§ 464. 1) mīlitāris, -e, adj. [mīles, soldier], military. rēs mīlitāris, science of war mīlitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [mīles, soldier], serve as a soldier mīlle, plur. mīlia, -ium, numeral adj. and subst. thousand (§ 479) minimē, adv. in superl. degree, compared parum, minus, minimē, least, very little; by no means (§ 323) 317 minimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, least, smallest (§ 311) minor, minus, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, compared parvus, minor, minimus, smaller, less (§ 311) Mīnōs, -ōis, m. Minos, a king of Crete minus, adv. in comp. degree, compared parum, minus, minimē, less (§ 323) Minyae, -ārum, m. the Minyae, a people of Greece mīrābilis, -e, adj. [mīror, wonder at], wonderful, marvelous mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [mīrus, wonderful], wonder, marvel, admire mīrus, -a, -um, adj. wonderful Mīsēnum, -ī, Mise´num, a promontory and harbor on the coast of Campania. See map miser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched, unhappy, miserable missus, -a, -um, part. of mittō, sent mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus, send modicus, -a, -um [modus, measure], modest, ordinary modo, adv. [abl. of modus, measure, with shortened o], only, merely, just now. modo ... modo, now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes modus, -ī, m. measure; manner, way; kind moenia, -ium, n. plur. [cf. mūniō, fortify], walls, ramparts molestē, adv. [molestus, troublesome], compared molestius, molestissimē, annoyingly. molestē ferre, to be annoyed molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, annoying, unpleasant (§ 501.16) moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itus, remind, advise, warn (§ 489) mōns, montis, m. mountain (§ 247. 2. a) mōnstrum, -ī, n. monster mora, -ae, f. delay moror, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb [mora, delay], delay, linger; impede mors, mortis, f. [cf. morior, die], death mōs, mōris, m. custom, habit mōtus, -ūs, m. [cf. moveō, move], motion, movement. terrae mōtus, earthquake moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus, move mox, adv. soon, presently mulier, -eris, f. woman multitūdō, -inis, f. [multus, much], multitude multum (multō), adv. [multus, much], compared plūs, plūrimum, much (§ 477) multus, -a, -um, adj., compared plūs, plūrimus, much; plur. many (§ 311) mūniō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, fortify, defend mūnītiō, -ōnis, f. [mūniō, fortify], defense, fortification mūrus, -ī, m. wall. Cf. moenia mūsica, -ae, f. music
N
nam, conj. for. Cf. enim nam-que, conj., a strengthened nam, introducing a reason or explanation, for, and in fact; seeing that nārrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, tell, relate nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum, dep. verb, be born, spring from nātūra, -ae, f. nature nātus, part. of nāscor nauta, -ae, m. [for nāvita, from nāvis, ship], sailor 318 nāvālis, -e, adj. [nāvis, ship], naval nāvigium, nāvi´gī, n. ship, boat nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nāvis, ship, + agō, drive], sail, cruise nāvis, -is (abl. -ī or -e), f. ship (§ 243. 1). nāvem cōnscendere, embark, go on board. nāvem solvere, set sail. nāvis longa, man-of-war nē, conj. and adv. in order that not, that (with verbs of fearing), lest; not. nē ... quidem, not even -ne, interrog. adv., enclitic (see §§ 16, 210). Cf. nōnne and num nec or neque, conj. [nē, not, + que, and], and not, nor. nec ... nec or neque ... neque, neither ... nor necessārius, -a, -um, adj. needful, necessary necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [cf. nex, death], kill. Cf. interficiō, occīdō, trucīdō negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, deny, say not (§ 420. a) negōtium, negō´tī, n. [nec, not, + ōtium, ease], business, affair, matter. alicui negōtium dare, to employ some one Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj. Neme´an, of Neme´a, in southern Greece nēmŏ, dat. nēminī (gen. nūllīus, abl. nūllō, supplied from nūllus), m. and f. [nē, not, + homō, man], (not a man), no one, nobody Neptūnus, -ī, m. Neptune, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter neque, see nec neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. -trīus, dat. -trī), adj. neither (of two) (§ 108) nē-ve, conj. adv. and not, and that not, and lest nihil, n. indecl. [nē, not, + hīlum, a whit], nothing. nihil posse, to have no power nihilum, -ī, n., see nihil	Niobē, -ēs, f. Ni´obe, the queen of Thebes whose children were destroyed by Apollo and Diana nisi, conj. [nē, not, + sī, if], if not, unless, except nōbilis, -e, adj. well known; noble noceō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus [cf. necō, kill], hurt, injure, with dat. (§ 501.14) noctū, abl. used as adv. [cf. nox, night], at night, by night Nōla, -ae, f. Nola, a town in central Campania. See map nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— [ne, not, + volō, wish], not to wish, be unwilling (§ 497) nōmen, -inis, n. [cf. nōscō, know], (means of knowing), name nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nōmen, name], name, call. Cf. appellō, vocō nōn, adv. [nē, not, + ūnum, one], not. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also nōn-dum, adv. not yet nōn-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, not? (§ 210). Cf. -ne and num nōs, pers. pron. we (see ego) (§ 480) noster, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. our, ours. Plur. nostrī, -ōrum, m. our men (§ 98) novem, indecl. numeral adj. nine novus, -a, -um, adj. new. novae rēs, a revolution nox, noctis, f. night, multā nocte, late at night nūllus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī) adj. [nē, not, + ūllus, any], not any, none, no (§ 108) num, interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (§ 210). Cf. -ne and nōnne. In indir. questions, whether 319 numerus, -ī, m. number numquam, adv. [nē, not, + umquam, ever], never nunc, adv. now. Cf. iam nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [nūntius, messenger], report, announce (§ 420. a) nūntius, nūntī, m. messenger nūper, adv. recently, lately, just now nympha, -ae, f. nymph
O
ob, prep. with acc. on account of. In compounds it often means in front of, against, or it is intensive. quam ob rem, for this reason (§ 340) obses, -idis, m. and f. hostage ob-sideō,-ēre,-sēdī, -sessus [ob, against, + sedeō, sit], besiege obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus [ob, against, + teneō, hold], possess, occupy, hold occāsiō, -ōnis, f. favorable opportunity, favorable moment occāsus, -ūs, m. going down, setting occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus [ob, down, + caedō, strike], strike down; cut down, kill. Cf. interficiō, necō occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ob, completely, + capiō, take], seize, take possession of, occupy. Cf. rapio oc-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus [ob, against + currō, run], run towards; meet, with dat. (§ 426) ōceanus, -ī, m. the ocean octō, indecl. numeral adj. eight oculus, -ī, m. eye officium, offi´cī, n. duty ōlim, adv. formerly, once upon a time ōmen, -inis, n. sign, token, omen ō-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [ob, over, past, + mittō, send], let go, omit. consilium omittere, give up a plan omnīnō, adv. [omnis, all], altogether, wholly, entirely omnis, -e, adj. all, every. Cf. tōtus onerāria, -ae, f. [onus, load], with nāvis expressed or understood, merchant vessel, transport onus, -eris, n. load, burden	opīniō, -ōnis, f. [opīnor, suppose], opinion, supposition, expectation oppidānus, -ī, m. [oppidum, town], townsman oppidum, -ī, n. town, stronghold opportūnus, -a, -um, adj. suitable, opportune, favorable op-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus [ob, against, + premō, press], (press against), crush; surprise oppugnātiō, -ōnis, f. storming, assault oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [ob, against, + pugnō fight], fight against, assault, storm, assail optimē, adv. in superl. degree, compared bene, melius, optimē, very well, best of all (§ 323) optimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared bonus, melior, optimus, best, most excellent (§ 311) opus, -eris, n. work, labor, task (§ 464. 2. b) ōrāculum, -ī, n. [ōrō, speak], oracle ōrātor, -ōris, m. [ōrō, speak], orator orbis, -is, m. ring, circle. orbis terrārum, the earth, world orbita, -ae, f. [orbis, wheel], rut Orcus, -ī, m. Orcus, the lower world ōrdō, -inis, m. row, order, rank (§ 247. 2. a) orīgo, -inis, f. [orior, rise], source, origin orior, -īrī, ortus sum, dep. verb, arise, rise, begin; spring, be born 320 ōrnāmentum, -ī, n. [ōrnō, fit out], ornament, jewel ōrnātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of ōrnō, fit out] fitted out; adorned ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, fit out, adorn
P
P., abbreviation for Pūblius paene, adv. nearly, almost palūdāmentum, -ī, n. military cloak palūs, -ūdis, f. swamp, marsh pānis, -is, m. bread pār, paris, adj. equal (§ 471. III) parātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of parō, prepare], prepared, ready parcō, -ere, peper´cī (parsī), parsūrus, spare, with dat. (§ 501.14) pāreō, -ēre, -uī, ——, obey, with dat. (§ 501 .14) parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, prepare for, prepare; provide, procure pars, partis, f. part, share; side, direction parum, adv., compared minus, minimē, too little, not enough (§ 323) parvus, -a, -um, adj., compared minor, minimus, small, little (§ 311) passus, -ūs, m. step, pace. mīlle passuum, thousand paces, mile (§ 331. b) pateō, -ēre, patuī, ——, lie open, be open; stretch, extend pater, -tris, m. father (§ 464. 2. a) patior, -ī, passus sum, dep. verb, bear, suffer, allow, permit patria, -ae, f. [cf. pater, father], fatherland, (one’s) country paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally plur.), few, only a few paulisper, adv. for a little while paulō, adv. by a little, little paulum adv. a little, somewhat pāx, pācis, f. (no gen. plur.), peace pecūnia, -ae, f. [pecus, cattle], money pedes, -itis, m. [pēs, foot], foot soldier pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [pēs, foot], on foot; by land peior, peius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, worse (§ 311) pellis, -is, f. skin, hide penna, -ae, f. feather per, prep. with acc. through, by means of, on account of. In composition it often has the force of thoroughly, completely, very (§ 340) percussus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of percutiō, strike through], pierced per-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [per, through, + dūcō, lead], lead through. fossam perdūcere, to construct a ditch per-exiguus, -a, -um, adj. [per, very, + exiguus, small], very small, very short perfidus, -a, -um, adj. faithless, treacherous, false per-fringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctus [per, through, frangō, break], shatter pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctus [per, through, + regō, conduct], go on, proceed, hasten perīculum, -ī, n. trial, test; danger peristȳlum, -ī, n. peristyle, an open court with columns around it perītus, -a, -um, adj. skillful perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. perpetual Perseus, -eī, Perseus, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Danaë persōna, -ae, f. part, character, person per-suādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -suāsus [per, thoroughly, + suādeō, persuade], persuade, advise, with dat. (§ 501.14), often with an object clause of purpose (§ 501.41) 321 per-terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [per, thoroughly, + terreō, frighten], thoroughly terrify, alarm per-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus [per, through, + veniō, come], arrive, reach, come to pēs, pedis, m. foot. pedem referre, retreat (§ 247. 2. a) pessimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared malus, peior, pessimus, worst (§ 311) petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus, strive for, seek, beg, ask; make for, travel to. Cf. postulō, quaerō, rogō Pharsālus, -ī, f. Pharsa´lus or Pharsa´lia, a town in Thessaly, near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C. philosophia, -ae, f. philosophy philosophus, -ī, m. philosopher pictus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of pingō, paint], colored, variegated pīlum, -ī, n. spear, javelin (§ 462. b) piscīna, -ae, f. [piscis, fish], fish pond piscis, -is, m. fish pīstor, -ōris, m. baker placeō. -ēre, -uī, -itus, please, be pleasing, with dat. (§ 501.14) plānitiēs, -ēī, f. [plānus, level], plain plānus, -a, -um, adj. level, flat plēnus, -a, -um, full plūrimum, adv. in superl. degree, compared multum, plūs, plūrimum, very much. plūrimum valēre, be most influential (§ 322) plūrimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared multus, plūs, plūrimus, most, very many (§ 311) plūs, plūris, adj. in comp. degree, compared multus, plūs, plūrimus; sing. n. as substantive, more; plur. more, several (§ 311) pluteus, -ī, m. shield, parapet poena, -ae, f. punishment, penalty poēta, -ae, m. poet pompa, -ae, f. procession Pompēiī, -ōrum, m. Pompeii, a city of Campania. See map Pompēius, Pompē´ī, m. Pompey, a Roman name pōmum, -ī, n. apple pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus, put, place. castra pōnere, pitch camp pōns, pontis, m. bridge (§ 247. 2. a) popīna, -ae, f. restaurant populus, -ī, m. people Porsena, -ae, m. Porsena, king of Etruria, a district of Italy. See map porta, -ae, f. gate, door portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, bear, carry portus, -ūs, m. [cf. porta, gate], harbor possideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessus, have, own, possess possum, posse, potuī, ——, irreg. verb [potis, able, + sum, I am], be able, can (§ 495). nihil posse, have no power post, prep, with acc. after, behind (§ 340) posteā, adv. [post, after, + eā, this], afterwards	(posterus), -a, -um, adj., compared posterior, postrēmus or postumus, following, next (§ 312) postquam, conj. after, as soon as postrēmō, adv. [abl. of postrēmus, last], at last, finally. Cf. dēmum, dēnique (§ 322) postrīdiē, adv. [posterō, next, + diē, day], on the next day postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask, demand, require. Cf. petō, quaerō, rogō potentia, -ae, f. [potēns, able], might, power, force 322 prae-beō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prae, forth, + habeō, hold], offer, give praeda, -ae, f. booty, spoil, plunder prae-dīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictus [prae, before, + dīcō, tell], foretell, predict prae-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [prae, before, + faciō, make], place in command, with acc. and dat. (§ 501.15) prae-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus [prae, forward, + mittō, send], send forward praemium, praemī, n. reward, prize praeruptus, -a, -um [part. of prae-rumpō, break off], broken off, steep praesēns, -entis, adj. present, immediate praesertim, adv. especially, chiefly praesidium, praesi´di, n. guard, garrison, protection prae-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus [prae, before, + sto, stand], (stand before), excel, surpass, with dat. (§ 501.15); show, exhibit prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus [prae, before, + sum, be], be over, be in command of, with dat. (§ 501.15) praeter, prep, with acc. beyond, contrary to (§ 340) praetereā, adv. [praeter, besides, + eā, this], in addition, besides, moreover praetextus, -a, -um, adj. bordered, edged praetōrium, praetō´rī, n. prætorium prandium, prandī, n. luncheon premō, -ere, pressī, pressus, press hard, compress; crowd, drive, harass (prex, precis), f. prayer prīmō, adv. [prīmus, first], at first, in the beginning (§ 322) prīmum, adv. [prīmus, first], first. quam primum, as soon as possible prīmus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared prior, prīmus, first (§ 315) prīnceps, -cipis, m. [prīmus, first, + capiō, take], (taking the first place), chief, leader (§ 464. 1) prior, prius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., prīmus, former (§ 315) prīstinus, -a, -um, adj. former, previous prō, prep, with abl. before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of; instead of, as (§ 209). In composition, forth, forward prō-cēdō, -ere, -cussī, -cessūrus [prō, forward, + cēdō, go], go forward, proceed procul, adv. far, afar off prō-currō, -ere, -currī (-cucurrī), -cur-sus [prō, forward, + currō, run], run forward proelium, proeli, n. battle, combat. proelium committere, join battle. proelium facere, fight a battle profectiō, -ōnis, f. departure proficīscor, -ī, -fectus sum, dep. verb, set out, march. Cf. ēgredior, exeō prō-gredior, -ī, -gressus sum, dep. verb [prō, forth, + gradior, go], go forth, proceed, advance. Cf. pergō, prōcēdō prōgressus, see prōgredior prohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus [prō, forth, away from, + habeō, hold], keep away from, hinder, prevent prō-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus [prō, forward, + moveō, move], move forward, advance prō-nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [prō, forth, + nūntiō, announce], proclaim, declare prope, adv., compared propius, proxi-mē, nearly. Prep, with acc. near prō-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus [prō, forth, + pellō, drive], drive forth; move, impel 323 properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [properus, quick], go quickly, hasten. Cf. contendō, maturō propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [prope, near], near, neighboring propior, -ius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl., proximus, nearer (§ 315) propius, adv. in comp. degree, compared prope, propius, proximē, nearer (§ 323) propter, prep. with acc. on account of, because of (§ 340) prō-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scriptus [prō, forth, + scribō, write], proclaim, publish. Cf. prōnūntiō prō-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [prō, forth, + sequor, follow], escort, attend prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus [prō, for, + sum, be], be useful, benefit, with dat. (§§ 496; 501.15) prō-tegō, -ere, -tēx=i], -tēctus [prō, in front, + tegō, cover], cover in front, protect prōvincia, -ae, f. territory, province proximē, adv. in superl. degree, compared prope, propius, proximē, nearest, next; last, most recently (§ 323) proximus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared propior, proximus, nearest, next (§ 315) pūblicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus,people], of the people, public, res pūblica, the commonwealth puella, -ae, f. [diminutive of puer, boy], girl, maiden puer, -eri, m. boy; slave (§ 462. c) pugna, -ae, f -fight, battle. Cf. proelium pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [pugna, battle], fight. Cf. contendō, dīmicō pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful, pretty (§§ 469.b; 304) Pullō, -ōnis, m. Pullo, a centurion pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, strike, beat puppis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -ī), f. stern of a ship, deck pūrē, adv. [pūrus, pure], comp. pūrius, purely pūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, cleanse, clean purpureus, -a, -um, adj. purple, dark red putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, reckon, think (§ 420,c). Cf. arbitror, exīstimō Pȳthia, -ae, f. Pythia, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi
Q
quā dē causā, for this reason, wherefore quā rē, therefore, for this reason quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītus, seek, ask, inquire. Cf. petō, postulō, rogō quālis, -e, interrog. pronom. adj. of what sort, what kind of. talis ... qualis, such ... as quam, adv. how; after a comparative, than ; with a superlative, translated as ... as possible, quam prīmum, as soon as possible quantus, -a, -um, adj. [quam, how], how great, how much, tantus ... quantus, as great as quārtus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [quattuor, four], fourth quattuor, indecl. numeral adj. four quattuor-decim, indecl. numeral adj. fourteen -que, conj., enclitic, and (§ 16). Cf. ac, atque, et quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. and adj. who, which, what, that (§ 482) 324 quia, conj. because. Cf. quod quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), indef. pron. and adj. a certain one, a certain, a (§ 485). quidem, adv. to be sure, certainly, indeed, nē ... quidem, not even quiēs, -ētis, f. rest, repose quiētus, -a, -um, adj. quiet, restful	quīndecim, indecl. numeral adj. fifteen quīngentī, -ae, -a, numeral adj. five hundred quīnque, indecl. numeral adj. five quīntus, -a, -um, numeral adj. fifth quis (quī), quae, quid (quod), interrog. pron. and adj. who? what? which? (§ 483). quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod), indef. pron. and adj., used after sī, nisi, nē, num, any one, anything, some one, something, any, some (§ 484). quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. any one (at all), anything (at all) (§ 486). quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. and adj. each, each one, every (§ 484). quō, interrog. and rel. adv. whither, where quō, conj. in order to, that, with comp. degree (§ 350). quod, conj. because, in that. Cf. quia quoque, conj., following an emphatic word, also, too. Cf. etiam quot-annīs, adv. [quot, how many + annus, year], every year, yearly quotiēns, interrog. and rel. adv. how often? as often as
R
rādīx, -īcis, f. root; foot rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tus, seize, snatch rārō, adv. [rārus, rare], rarely rārus, -a, -um, adj. rare re- or red-, an inseparable prefix, again, back, anew, in return rebelliō, -ōnis, f. renewal of war, rebellion recēns, -entis, adj. recent re-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [re-, back, + capiō, take], take back, receive. sē recipere, withdraw, retreat re-clīnātus, -a, -um, part. of reclīnō, leaning back re-creātus, -a, -um, part. of recreō, refreshed rēctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of regō, keep straight], straight, direct re-cūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, refuse red-āctus, -a, -um, part. of redigō, reduced, subdued red-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [red-, back, + eō, go], go back, return (§ 413). Cf. revertō reditus, -ūs, m. [cf. redeō, return], return, going back re-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [re-, back, + dūcō, lead], lead back re-ferō, -ferre, rettulī, -lātus [re-, back, + ferō, bear], bear back; report. pedem referre, withdraw, retreat re-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus [re-, again, + faciō, make], make again, repair. sē reficere, refresh one’s self rēgīna, -ae, f. [rēx, king], queen regiō, -ōnis, f. region, district rēgnum, -ī, n. sovereignty; kingdom regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctus [cf. rēx, king], govern, rule (§ 490) re-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [re-, back, + iaciō, hurl], hurl back; throw away re-linquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictus [re-, behind, + linquō, leave], leave behind, leave, abandon 325 reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. relinquō, leave], left over, remaining. As a noun, plur. the rest remōtus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of re-moveō, remove], remote, distant re-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -motus [re-, back, + moveō, move], remove rēmus, -ī, m. oar	re-periō, -īre, repperī, repertus, find re-portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [re-, back, + portō, carry], carry back, bring back, win, gain rēs, reī, f. thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance (§ 467). quam ob rem, for this reason. rēs adversae, adversity. rēs frūmentāria, grain supplies. rēs gestae, exploits. rēs militāris, science of war. rēs pūblica, the commonwealth. rēs secundae, prosperity re-scindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissus [re-, back, + scindō, cut], cut off, cut down re-sistō, -ere, -stitī, —— [re-, back, + sistō, cause to stand], oppose, resist, with dat. (§ 501.14) re-spondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsus [re-, in return, + spondeō, promise], answer, reply (§ 420. a) re-vertō, -ere, -ī, ——, or dep. verb re-vertor, -ī, -sus sum [re-, back, + vertō, turn], turn back, return. Usually active in the perf. system re-vinciō, -īre, -vīnxī, -vīnctus [re-, back, + vinciō, bind], fasten rēx, rēgis, m. [cf. regō, rule], king Rhēnus, -ī, m. the Rhine, a river of Germany rīpa, -ae, f. bank rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, ask. Cf. petō, postulō, quaerō Rōma, -ae, f. Rome. See map Rōmānus, -a, -um, adj. [Rōma, Rome], Roman, follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. a Roman rosa, -ae, f. rose rōstrum, -ī, n. beak of a ship. In plur., the rostra, the speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum rota, -ae, f. wheel Rubicō, -ōnis, m. the Rubicon, a river in northern Italy. See map rūmor, -ōris, m. report, rumor rūrsus, adv. [for reversus, turned back], again, in turn rūs, rūris (locative abl. rūrī, no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. the country (§ 501. 36. 1). Cf. ager, patria, terra
S
Sabīnus, -a, -um, adj. Sabine. As a noun, m. and f. a Sabine. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map sacrum, -ī, n. [sacer, consecrated], something consecrated, sacrifice; usually in plur., religious rites saepe, adv., compared saepius, saepissimē, often, frequently saevus, -a, -um, adj. cruel, savage sagitta, -ae, f. arrow saliō, -īre, -uī, saltus, jump salūs, -ūtis, f. safety; health. salūtem dīcere, send greetings salūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [salūs, health], greet, salute salvē, imv. of salveō, hail, greetings sanguis, -inis, m. blood (§ 247. 2. a] sānitās, -ātis, f. [sānus, sound], health, sanity sapiēns, -entis, adj. [part. of sapiō, be wise], wise, sensible 326 satis, adv. and indecl. noun, enough, sufficient, sufficiently saxum, -ī, n. rock, stone scelus, -eris, n. crime, sin scēptrum, -ī, n. scepter schola, -ae, f. school, the higher grades. Cf. lūdus scientia, -ae, f. [sciēns, knowing], skill, knowledge, science scindō, -ere, scidī, scissus, cut, tear sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus, know (§ 420. b). Cf. cognōscō scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, write scūtum, -ī, n. shield, buckler sē, see suī sēcum = sē + cum secundus, -a, -um, adj. [sequor, follow], following, next, second; favorable, successful. rēs secundae, prosperity sed, conj. but, on the contrary. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also sēdecim, indecl. numeral adj. sixteen sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessus, sit semper, adv. always, forever senātus, -ūs, m. [cf. senex, old], council of elders, senate sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, feel, know, perceive (§ 420. d). Cf. intellegō, videō septem, indecl. numeral adj. seven septimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. seventh sequor, -ī, secūtus sum, dep. verb, follow (§ 493) serpēns, -entis, f. [serpō, crawl], serpent, snake sertae, -ārum, f. plur. wreaths, garlands servitūs, -ūtis, f. [servus, slave], slavery, servitude servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, save, rescue, keep servus, -ī, m. slave sēsē, emphatic for sē sex, indecl. numeral adj. six Sextus, -ī, m. Sextus, a Roman first name sī, conj. if sīc, adv. thus, in this way. Cf. ita, tam Sicilia, -ae, f. Sicily. See map sīc-ut, just as, as if signifer, -erī, m. [signum, standard, + ferō, bear], standard bearer (p. 224) signum, -ī, n. ensign, standard; signal silva, -ae, f. wood, forest similis, -e, adj., compared similior, simillimus, like, similar (§ 307) simul, adv. at the same time simul ac or simul atque, conj. as soon as sine, prep. with abl. without (§ 209) singulī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. one at a time, single (§ 334) sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. left Sinuessa, -ae, f. Sinues´sa, a town in Campania. See map sitis, -is (acc. -im, abl. -ī, no plur.), f. thirst situs, -a, -um, adj. [part. of sinō, set], situated, placed, lying socius, socī, m. comrade, ally sōl, sōlis (no gen. plur.), m. sun soleō, -ēre, solitus sum, semi-dep. verb, be wont, be accustomed sollicitus, -a, -um, adj. disturbed, anxious sōlum, adv. [sōlus, alone], alone, only. nōn sōlum ... sed etiam, not only ... but also sōlus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. alone, only (§ 108) solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtus, loosen, unbind. nāvem solvere, set sail	327 somnus, -ī, m. sleep soror, -ōris, f. sister spatium, spatī, n. space, distance; time; opportunity spectāculum, -ī, n. [spectō, look at], show, spectacle spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, look at, witness spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [spēs, hope], hope, expect (§ 420. c) spēs, speī, f. hope (§ 273. 2) splendidē, adv. [splendidus], compared splendidius, splendidissimē, splendidly, handsomely splendidus, -a, -um, adj. brilliant, gorgeous, splendid Stabiānus, -a, -um, Stabian stabulum, -ī, n. [cf. stō, stand], standing place, stable, stall statim, adv. [cf. stō, stand], on the spot, at once, instantly statua, -ae, f. [sistō, place, set], statue statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus [status, station], decide, determine stilus, -ī, m. iron pencil, style (p. 210) stō, -āre, stetī, status, stand strātus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of sternō, spread], paved (of streets) strepitus, -ūs, m. [strepō, make a noise], noise, din stringō, -ere, strīnxī, strictus, bind tight; draw, unsheathe studeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, give attention to, be eager, with dat. (§ 501.14) studium, studī, n. [cf. studeō, be eager for], eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion stultus, -a, -um, adj. foolish, stupid Stymphālis, -idis, adj. f. Stymphalian, of Stympha´lus, a lake in southern Greece Stymphālus, -ī, m. Stympha´lus, a district of southern Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name suādeō, -ēre, -sī, -sus, advise, recommend, with subjv. of purpose (§ 501.41) sub, prep, with acc. and abl. under, below, up to; at or to the foot of sub-igō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus [sub, under, + agō, drive], subdue, reduce subitō, adv. [subitus, sudden], suddenly sub-sequor, -ī, -secūtus sum, dep. verb [sub, below, + sequor, follow], follow close after, follow up suc-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus [sub, below, + cēdō, go], follow, succeed suī, reflexive pron. of himself (herself, itself, themselves) (§ 480). sēcum = sē + cum. sēsē, emphatic form of sē sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, irreg. verb, be; exist (§ 494) summus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree, compared superus, superior, suprēmus or summus (§ 312), supreme, highest; best, greatest. in summō colle, on the top of the hill sūmō, -ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus, take up; assume, put on. sūmere supplicium dē, inflict punishment on super, prep. with acc. and abl. over, above superbia, -ae, f. [superbus, proud], pride, arrogance superbus, -a, -um, adj. proud, haughty superior, comp. of superus superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [superus, above], go over; subdue, overcome; surpass, excel super-sum, -esse, -fuī, ——, be over, survive, with dat. (§ 501.15) 328 superus, -a, -um, adj., compared superior, suprēmus or summus, above, upper (§ 312) supplicium, suppli´cī, n. [supplex, kneeling in entreaty], punishment, torture. supplicium sūmere dē, inflict punishment on. supplicium dare, suffer punishment surgō, -ere, surrēxī, —— [sub, from below, + regō, straighten], rise sus-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus [sub, under, + capiō, take], undertake, assume, begin suspicor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, suspect, surmise, suppose sus-tineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentus [sub, under, + teneō, hold], hold up, bear, sustain, withstand suus, -a, -um, reflexive possessive adj. and pron., his, her, hers, its, their, theirs (§ 98)
T
T., abbreviation of Titus taberna, -ae, f. shop, stall tabula, -ae, f. tablet for writing tālis, -e, adj. such. tālis ... quālis, such ... as tam, adv. so, such. Cf. ita, sīc tamen, adv. yet, however, nevertheless tandem, adv. at length, finally tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctus, touch tantum, adv. [tantus], only tantus, -a, -um, adj. so great, such. tantus ... quantus, as large as tardus, -a, -um, adj. slow, late; lazy Tarpēia, -ae, f. Tarpeia (pronounced Tar-pē´ya), the maiden who opened the citadel to the Sabines Tarquinius, Tarqui´nī, Tarquin, a Roman king. With the surname Superbus, Tarquin the Proud Tarracīna, -ae, f. Tarraci´na, a town in Latium. See map taurus, -ī, m. bull tēctus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of tegō, cover], covered, protected tēlum, -ī, n. weapon temerē, adv. rashly, heedlessly tempestās, -ātis, f. [tempus, time] storm, tempest templum, -ī, n. temple, shrine tempto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, try, test; make trial of, attempt tempus, -oris, n. time (§ 464. 2. b). in reliquum tempus, for the future teneō, -ēre, tenuī, ——, hold, keep tergum, -ī, n. back, ā tergō, on the rear, tergum vertere, retreat, flee ternī, -ae, -a, distributive numeral adj. three each, by threes (§ 334) terra, -ae, f. earth, ground, land. orbis terrārum, the whole world terror, -ōris, m. [cf. terreō, frighten], dread, alarm, terror tertius, -a, -um, numeral adj. third Teutonēs, -um, m. the Teutons theātrum, -ī, n. theater Thēbae, -ārum, f. Thebes, a city of Greece Thēbānī, -ōrum, m. Thebans, the people of Thebes thermae, -ārum, f. plur. baths Thessalia, -ae, f. Thessaly, a district of northern Greece Thrācia, -ae, f. Thrace, a district north of Greece Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m. Tiberius, a Roman first name tībīcen, -īnis, m. [cf. tībia, pipe], piper, flute player	timeō, -ēre, -uī, ——, fear, be afraid of. Cf. vereor 329 timor, -ōris, m. [cf. timeō, fear], fear, dread, alarm. Cf. metus Tīryns, Tīrynthis, f. Ti´ryns, an ancient town in southern Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus toga, -ae, f. [cf. tegō, cover], toga tormentum, -ī, n. engine of war totiēns, adv. so often, so many times tōtus, -a, -um, (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. all, the whole, entire (§ 108) trā-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus [trāns, across, + dō, deliver], give up, hand over, surrender, betray trā-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus [trāns, across, + dūcō, lead], lead across trahō, -ere, trāxī, trāctus, draw, pull, drag. multum trahere, protract, prolong much trā-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus [trāns, across, + iaciō, hurl], throw across; transfix trā-nō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [trāns, across, + nō, swim], swim across trāns, prep. with acc. across, over (§ 340) trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus [trāns, across, + eō, go], go across, cross (§ 413) trāns-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus [trāns, through, + fīgō, drive], transfix trānsitus, —— (acc. -um, abl. -ū), m. [cf. trānseō, cross over], passage across trēs, tria, numeral adj. three (§ 479) trīduum, trīduī, n. [trēs, three, + diēs, days], three days’ time, three days trīgintā, indecl. numeral adj. thirty triplex, -icis, adj. threefold, triple trīstis, -e, adj. sad; severe, terrible trīstitia, -ae, f. [trīstis, sad], sadness, sorrow triumphō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [triumphus, triumph], celebrate a triumph triumphus, -ī, m. triumphal procession, triumph. triumphum agere, celebrate a triumph trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, cut to pieces, slaughter. Cf. interficiō, necō, occīdō tū, tuī (plur. vōs), pers. pron. thou, you (§ 480) tuba, -ae, f. trumpet Tullia, -ae, f. Tullia, a Roman name tum, adv. then, at that time turris, -is, f. tower (§ 465. 2) tūtus, -a, -um, adj. safe tuus, -a, -um, possessive adj. and pron. your, yours (§ 98)
U
ubi, rel. and interrog. adv. where, when ūllus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), adj. any (§ 108) ulterior, -ius, -ōris, adj. in comp. degree, superl. ultimus, farther, more remote (§ 315) ultimus, -a, -um, adj. in superl. degree (see ulterior), farthest (§ 315) umbra, -ae, f. shade umerus, -ī, m. shoulder umquam, adv. ever, at any time ūnā, adv. [ūnus, one], in the same place, at the same time ūndecimus, -a, -um, numeral adj. [ūnus, one, + decimus, tenth], eleventh undique, adv. from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere ūnus, -a, -um (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), numeral adj. one; alone (§ 108)	urbs, -is, f. city (§ 465. a) urgeō, -ēre, ursī, ——, press upon, crowd, hem in ūrus, -ī, m. wild ox, urus ūsque, adv. all the way, even ūsus, -ūs, m. use, advantage 330 ut, conj. with the subjv. that, in order that, that not (with verbs of fearing), so that, to (§ 350. 1) uter, -tra, -trum (gen. -īus, dat. -ī), interrog. pron. which of two? which? (§ 108) uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef. pron. each of two, each, both. ab utrāque parte, on both sides ūtilis, -e, adj. [ūtor, use], useful utrimque, adv. [uterque, each of two], on each side, on either hand ūva, -ae, f. grape, bunch of grapes uxor, -ōris, f. wife
V
vāgīna, -ae, sheath, scabbard vagor, -ārī, -ātus sum, dep. verb, wander valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus, be powerful, be well; in the imperative as a greeting, farewell. plūrimum valēre, have the most power valētūdō, -inis, f. [valeō, be well], health validus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. valeō, be strong], strong, able, well vallēs, -is, f. valley vāllum, -ī, n. rampart, earthworks varius, -a, -um, adj. bright-colored vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vāstus, empty], (make empty), devastate, lay waste vectīgal, -ālis, n. tax, tribute vehementer, adv. [vehemēns, eager], compared vehementius, vehementissimē, eagerly, vehemently vehō, -ere, vexī, vectus, convey, carry. In the passive often in the sense of ride, sail vel, conj. or. vel ... vel, either ... or. Cf. aut vēlōcitās, -ātis, f. [vēlōx, swift], swiftness vēlōx, -ōcis, adj. swift, fleet vēlum, -ī, n. sail vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditus, sell veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus, come, go ventus, -ī, m. wind verbum, -ī, n. word. verba facere prō, speak in behalf of vereor, -ērī, -itus sum, dep. verb, fear; reverence, respect (§ 493). Cf. timeō Vergilius, Vergi´lī, m. Vergil, the poet vergō, -ere, ——, ——, turn, lie vērō, adv. [vērus, true], in truth, surely; conj. but, however. tum vērō, then you may be sure, introducing the climax of a story vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus, turn, change. tergum vertere, retreat, flee vērus, -a, -um, true, actual vesper, -erī, m. evening vester, -tra, -trum, possessive adj. and pron. your, yours (§ 98) vestīgium, vestī´gī, n. [cf. vestīgō, track], footstep, track, trace vestīmentum, -ī, n. [vestis, clothing], garment vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus [vestis, clothing], clothe, dress vestis, -is, f. clothing, attire, garment, robe vestītus, -a, -um, adj. [part. of vestiō, clothe], clothed Vesuvius, Vesu´vi, m. Vesuvius, the volcano near Pompeii. See map	veterānus, -a, -um, adj. old, veteran vetō, -āre, -uī, -itus, forbid, prohibit vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, trouble, annoy via, -ae, f. way, road, street; way, manner. Cf. iter 331 viātor, -ōris, m. [via], traveler victor, -ōris, m. [vincō, conquer], conqueror, victor. In apposition, with adj. force victorious victōria, -ae, f. [victor, victor], victory vīcus, -ī, m. village videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus, see, perceive. Pass. be seen; seem (§ 420. d) vigilia, -ae, f. [vigil awake], watch. dē tertia vigilia, about the third watch vīgintī, indecl. numeral adj. twenty vīlicus, -ī, m. [vīlla, farm], steward, overseer of a farm vīlla, -ae, f. farm, villa vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus, bind, tie, fetter vincō, -ere, vīcī, victus, conquer, defeat, overcome. Cf. subigō, superō vīnea, -ae, f. shed (p. 219) vīnum, -ī, n. wine violenter, adv. [violentus, violent], compared violentius, violentissimē, violently, furiously vir, virī, m. man, husband; hero (§ 462. c) virīlis, -e, adj. [vir, man], manly virtūs, -ūtis, f. [vir, man], manliness; courage, valor; virtue (§ 464. 1) vīs, (vīs), f. strength, power, might, violence (§ 468) vīta, -ae, f. [cf. vīvō, live], life, vītam agere, spend or pass life vīto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, shun, avoid vīvō, -ere, vīxī, ——, live. Cf. habitō, incolō vīvus, -a, -um, adj. [cf. vīvō, live], alive, living vix, adv. scarcely, hardly vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, call, summon, invite. Cf. appellō, nōminō volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus, fly volō, velle, voluī, ——, irreg. verb, will, be willing; wish (§ 497). Cf. cupio volūmen, -inis, n. roll, book Vorēnus, -ī, m. Vore´nus, a centurion vōs, pers. pron.; you (see tū) (§ 480) vōtum, -ī, n. [neut. part. of voveō, vow], vow, pledge, prayer vōx, vōcis, f. [cf. vocō, call], voice, cry; word vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [vulnus, wound], wound, hurt vulnus, -eris, n. wound, injury vulpēs, -īs, f. fox

Roman knight on horseback
EQUES ROMANUS

332

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY

This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate the conjugation.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

A
a, an, commonly not translated able (be), possum, posse, potuī, ——(§ 495) abode, domicilium, domici´lī, n. about (adv.), circiter about (prep.), dē, with abl. about to, expressed by fut. act. part. abundance, cōpia, -ae, f. across, trāns, with acc. active, ācer, ācris, ācre advance, prōgredior, 3 advantage, ūsus, -ūs, m. advise, moneō, 2 after (conj.), postquam; often expressed by the perf. part. after (prep.), post, with acc. against, in, contrā, with acc. aid, auxilium, auxi´lī, n. all, omnis, -e; tōtus, -a, -um (§ 108) allow, patior, 3 ally, socius, socī, m. almost, paene; ferē alone, ūnus, -a, -um; sōlus, -a, -um (§ 108) already, iam also, quoque always, semper ambassador, lēgātus, -ī, m. among, apud, with acc. ancient, antīquus, -a, -um and, et; atque (ac); -que and so, itaque Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae, f. angry, īrātus, -a, um animal, animal, -ālis, n.	announce, nūntiō, 1 annoying, molestus, -a, -um another, alius, -a, -ud (§ 109) any, ūllus, -a, -um (§ 108) any one, anything, quisquam, quicquam or quidquam (§ 486) appearance, fōrma, -ae, f. appoint, creō, 1 approach, adpropinquō, 1, with dat. are, used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula, sum (§ 494) arise, orior, 4 arm, bracchium, bracchī, n. armed, armātus, -a, -um arms, arma, -ōrum, n. plur. army, exercitus, -ūs, m. around, circum, with acc. arrival, adventus, -us, m. arrow, sagitta, -ae, f. art of war, rēs mīlitāris as possible, expressed by quam and superl.. ask, petō, 3; quaerō, 3; rogō, 1 assail, oppugnō, 1 at, in, with acc. or abl.; with names of towns, locative case or abl. without a preposition (§ 268); time when, abl. 333 at once, statim at the beginning of summer, initā aestāte Athens, Athēnae, -ārum, f. attack, impetus, -us, m. attempt, cōnor, 1; temptō, 1 away from, ā or ab, with abl.
B
bad, malus, -a, -um baggage, impedīmenta, -ōrum, n. plur. bank, rīpa, -ae, f. barbarians, barbarī, -ōrum, m. plur. battle, proelium, proelī, n.; pugna, -ae. f. be, sum (§ 494) be absent, be far, absum (§ 494) be afraid, timeō, 2; vereor, 2 be away, absum (§ 494) be in command of, praesum, with dat. (§§ 494, 426) be informed, certior fīō be off, be distant, absum (§ 494) be without, egeō, with abl. (§ 180) beast (wild), fera, -ae, f. beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum because, quia; quod because of, propter, with acc.; or abl. of cause before, heretofore (adv.), anteā before (prep.), ante, with acc.; prō, with abl. begin, incipiō, 3 believe, crēdō, 3, with dat. (§ 153) belong to, predicate genitive (§ 409) best, optimus, superl. of bonus betray, trādō, 3 better, melior, comp. of bonus between, inter, with acc.	billow, fluctus, -us, m. bird, avis, -is, f. (§ 243. 1) blood, sanguis, -inis, m. body, corpus, -oris. n. bold, audāx, -ācis; fortis, -e boldly, audācter; fortiter boldness, audācia, -ae, f. booty, praeda, -ae, f. both, each (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque both ... and, et ... et boy, puer, -erī, m. brave, fortis, -e bravely, fortiter bridge, pōns, pontis, m. bright, clārus, -a, -um bring back, reportō, 1 bring upon, īnferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, with acc. and dat. (§ 426) brother, frāter, -tris, m. building, aedificium, aedifi´cī. n. burn, cremō, 1; incendō, 3 business, negōtium, negō´tī, n. but, however, autem, sed by, ā, ab, with abl.; denoting means, abl. alone; sometimes implied in a participle by night, noctū
C
Cæsar, Caesar, -aris, m. calamity, calamitās, -ātis, f. call, vocō, 1; appellō, 1; nōminō, 1 call together, convocō, 1 camp, castra, -ōrum, n. plur. can, could, possum, posse, potuī, —— (§ 495) capture, capiō, 3; occupō, 1 care, cūra, -ae, f. care for, cūrō, 1 careful, attentus, -a, -um carefulness, dīligentia, -ae, f. carry, ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus (§ 498); portō, 1 334 carry on, gerō, 3 cart, carrus, -ī, m. cause, causa, -ae, f. cavalry, equitātus, -ūs, m. cease, cessō, 1 Cepheus, Cēpheus, -ī, m. certain (a), quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (§ 485) chicken, gallīna, -ae, f. chief, prīnceps, -cipis, m. children, līberī, -ōrum, m. plur. choose, dēligō, 3 choose, elect, creō, 1	citizen, cīvis, -is, m. and f. (§ 243. 1) city, urbs, urbis, f. clear, clārus, -a, -um cohort, cohors, -rtis, f. come, veniō, 4 command, imperō, 1, with dat. (§ 45); iubeō, 2; praesum, with dat. (§ 426) commit, committō, 3 commonwealth, rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae concerning, dē, with abl. conquer, superō, 1; vincō, 3 construct (a ditch), perdūcō, 3 consul, cōnsul, -ulis, m. contrary to, contrā, with acc. Corinth, Corinthus, -ī, f. Cornelia, Cornēlia, -ae, f. Cornelius, Cornēlius, Cornē´li, m. corselet, lōrīca, -ae, f. cottage, casa, -ae, f. country, as distinguished from the city, rūs, rūris, n.; as territory, fīnēs, -ium, m., plur. of fīnis courage, virtūs, -ūtis, f. crime, scelus, -eris, n. cross, trānseō, 4 (§ 499) crown, corōna, -ae, f.
D
daily, cotīdiē danger, perīculum, -ī, n. daughter, fīlia, -ae, f. (§ 67) day, diēs, -ēī, m. daybreak, prīma lūx dear, cārus, -a, -um death, mors, mortis, f. deed, rēs, reī, f. deep, altus, -a, -um defeat, calamitās, -ātis, f. defend, dēfendō, 3 delay (Noun), mora, -ae, f. delay (verb), moror, 1 demand, postulō, 1 dense, dēnsus, -a, -um depart, discēdō, 3; exeō, 4; proficīscor, 3 dependent, cliēns, -entis, m. design, cōnsilium, consi´lī n. desire, cupiō, 3 destroy, dēleō, 2	Diana, Diāna, -ae, f. differ, differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus (§ 498) different, dissimilis, -e difficult, difficilis, -e difficulty, difficultās, -ātis, f. diligence, dīligentia, -ae, f. dinner, cēna, -ae, f. disaster, calamitās, -ātis, f. distant (be), absum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus (§ 494) ditch, fossa, -ae, f. do, agō, 3; faciō, 3; when used as auxiliary, not translated down from, dē, with abl. drag, trahō, 3 drive, agō, 3 dwell, habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3 dwelling, aedificium, aedifi´cī, n.
335 E
each, quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (§ 484) each of two, uterque, utraque, utrumque each other, inter with acc. of a reflexive eager, ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre eager (be), studeō, 2 eagerness, studium, studī, n. eagle, aquila, -ae, f. easily, facile easy, facilis, -e	either ... or, aut ... aut empire, imperium, impe´rī, n. employ, negōtium dō encourage, hortor, 1 enemy, hostis, -is, m. and f.; inimīcus, -ī, m. enough, satis entire, tōtus, -a, -um (§ 108) expectation, opīniō, -ōnis, f. eye, oculus, -ī, m.
F
faithless, perfidus, -a, -um famous, clārus, -a, -um far, longē farmer, agricola, -ae, m. farther, ulterior, -ius father, pater, patris, m. fatherland, patria, -ae, f. favor, faveō, 2 favorable, idōneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um fear, metus, -ūs, m.; timor, -ōris, m. fear, be afraid, timeō, 2 few, paucī, -ae, -a field, ager, agrī, m. fifteen, quīndecim fight, contendō, 3; pugnō, 1 find, reperiō, 4 finish, cōnficiō, 3 fire, ignis, -is, m. (§ 243. 1) firmness, cōnstantia, -ae, f. first, prīmus, -a, -um flee, fugiō, 3 flight, fuga, -ae, f. fly, volō, 1 foe, see enemy follow close after, subsequor, 3 food, cibus, -ī, m. foot, pēs, pedis, m.	foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m. for (conj.), enim, nam for (prep.), sign of dat.; dē, prō, with abl.; to express purpose, ad, with gerundive; implied in acc. of time and of extent of space for a long time, diū forbid, vetō, 1 forces, cōpiae, -ārum, f., plur. of cōpia forest, silva, -ae, f. fort, castellum, -ī, n.; castrum, -ī, n. fortification, mūnitiō, -ōnis, f. fortify, mūniō, 4 fortune, fortūna, -ae, f. fourth, quārtus, -a, -um free, līber, -era, -erum free, liberate, līberō, 1 frequent, crēber, -bra, -brum friend, amīcus, -ī, m. friendly (adj.), amīcus, -a, -um friendly (adv.), amīcē friendship, amīcitia, -ae, f. frighten, perterreō, 2 from, ā or ab, dē, ē, ex, with abl. Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep. from each other, inter, with acc. of a reflexive pron. full, plēnus, -a, -um
G
336 Galba, Galba, -ae, m. garland, corōna, -ae, f. garrison, praesidium, praesi´dī, n. gate, porta, -ae, f. Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f. Gaul (a), Gallus, -ī, m. general, imperātor, -ōris, m. Geneva, Genāva, -ae, f. gentle, lēnis, -e German, Germānus, -a, -um Germans (the), Germānī, -ōrum, m. plur. Germany, Germānia, -ae, f. get (dinner), parō, 1 girl, puella, -ae, f.	give, dō, dare, dedī, datus give over, surrender, dēdō, 3; trādō, 3 give up, omittō, 3 go, eō, 4 (§ 499) go forth, prōgredior, 3 god, deus, -ī, m. (§ 468) goddess, dea, -ae, f. (§ 67) gold, aurum, -ī, n. good, bonus, -a, -um grain, frūmentum, -ī, n. grain supply, rēs frūmentāria great, ingēns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um greatest, maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um guard, praesidium, praesi´dī, n.
H
hand, manus, -ūs, f. happy, laetus, -a, -um harbor, portus, -ūs, m. hasten, contendō, 3; mātūrō, 1; properō, 1 hateful, invīsus, -a, -um haughty, superbus, -a, -um have, habeō, 2 have no power, nihil possum he, is; hic; iste; ille; or not expressed head, caput, -itis, n. hear, audiō heart, animus, -ī, m. heavy, gravis, -e Helvetii (the), Helvētiī, -ōrum, m. plur. hem in, contineō, 2 hen, gallīna, -ae, f. her, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116) hide, abdō, 3	high, altus, -a, -um highest, summus, -a, -um hill, collis, -is, m. himself, suī. See self hindrance, impedīmentum, -ī, n. his, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116) hither, citerior, -ius (§ 315) hold, teneō, 2 home, domus, -ūs, f. (§ 468). at home, domī (§ 267) hope (Noun), spēs, speī, f. hope (verb), spērō, 1 horse, equus, -ī, m. horseman, eques, -itis, m. hostage, obses, -idis, m. and f. hostile, inimīcus, -a, -um hour, hōra, -ae, f. house, domicilium, domici´lī, n.; domus, -ūs, f. (§ 468) hurl, iaciō, 3
I
I, ego (§ 280); or not expressed if, sī. if not, nisi ill, aeger, -gra, -grum immediately, statim in (of place), in, with abl.; (of time or of specification) abl. without prep. 337 in order that, ut, with subjv.; in order that not, lest, nē, with subjv. in vain, frūstrā industry, dīligentia, -ae, f. inflict injuries upon, iniūriās īnferō with dat. (§ 426) inflict punishment on, supplicium sūmō de inform some one, aliquem certiōrem faciō	injure, noceō, 2, with dat. (§ 153) injury, iniūria, -ae, f. into, in, with acc. intrust, committō, 3; mandō, 1 invite, vocō, 1 is, used as auxiliary, not translated; as a copula, sum (§ 494) island, īnsula, -ae, f. it, is; hie; iste; ille; or not expressed Italy, Italia, -ae, f. its, eius; huius; istīus; illīus; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116) itself, suī. See self
J
join battle, proelium committō journey, iter, itineris, n. (§ 468) judge (Noun), iūdex, -icis, m.	judge (verb), iūdicō, 1 Julia, Iūlia, -ae, f. just now, nūper
K
keep, contineō, 2; prohibeo, 2; teneō, 2 keep on doing something, expressed by the impf. indic. kill, interficiō, 3; necō, 1 ; occīdō, 3	king, rēx, rēgis, m. kingdom, rēgnum, -ī, n. know, cognōscō, 3, in perf.; sciō, 4
L
labor (Noun), labor, -ōris, m. labor (verb), labōrō, 1 lack (Noun), inopia, -ae, f. lack (verb), egeō, 2, with abl. (§ 180) lady, domina, -ae, f. lake, lacus, -ūs, m. (§ 260. 2) land, terra, -ae, f. language, lingua, -ae, f. large, ingēns, -entis ; magnus, -a, -um larger, maior, maius lately, nūper Latona, Lātōna, -ae, f. law, lēx, lēgis, f. lay waste, vāstō, 1 lead, dūco, 3 leader, dux, ducis, m. and f. learn, know, cognōscō, 3 leave, depart from, discēdō, 3 leave behind, abandon, relinquō, 3	left, sinister, -tra, -trum legion, legiō, -ōnis, f. legionaries, legiōnāriī, -ōrum, m. plur. length, longitūdō, -inis, f. lest, nē, with subjv. letter (of the alphabet), littera, -ae, f; (an epistle) litterae, -ārum, f. plur. lieutenant, lēgātus, -ī, m. light, lūx, lūcis, f. like (adj.), similis, -e like, love, amō, 1 line of battle, aciēs, aciēī, f. little, parvus, -a, -um live, habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3 long, longus, -a, -um long, for a long time, diū long for, dēsīderō, 1 look after, cūrō, 1 love, amō, 1
338 M
maid, maid servant, ancilla, -ae,f. make, faciō, 3 make war upon, bellum īnferō with dat. (§ 426) man, homō, -inis, m. and f.; vir, virī, m. man-of-war, nāvis longa many, multī, -ae, -a, plur. of multus march, iter, itineris, n. (§ 468) Mark, Mārcus, -ī, m. marriage, mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, n. master, dominus, -ī, m.; magīster, -trī, m. matter, negōtium, negō´tī, n.; rēs, reī, f. means, by means of, the abl. messenger, nūntius, nūntī, m. midnight, media nox mile, mīlle passuum (§ 331. b) miles, mīlia passuum mind, animus, -ī, m.; mēns, mentis, f.	mine, meus, -a, -um mistress, domina, -ae, f. money, pecūnia, -ae, f. monster, mōnstrum, -ī, n. month, mēnsis, -is, m. moon, lūna, -ae, f. more (adj.), plūs, plūris (§ 313); or a comparative. Adverb, magis most (adj.), plūrimus, -a, -um; superl. degree. Adverb, maximē; plūrimum mother, māter, mātris, f. mountain, mōns, montis, m. move, moveō, 2 moved, commōtus, -a, -um much (by), multō multitude, multitūdō, -inis. f. my, meus, -a, -um myself, mē, reflexive. See self
N
name, nōmen, -inis, n. nation, gēns, gentis, f. near, propinquus, -a, -um nearest, proximus, -a, -um nearly, ferē neighbor, fīnitimus, -ī, in. neighboring, fīinitimus, -a, -um neither, neque or nec; neither ... nor, neque (nec) ... neque (nec) never, numquam nevertheless, tamen new, novus, -a, -um next day, postrīdiē eius diēī next to, proximus, -a, -um	night, nox, noctis, f. nine, novem no, minimē; or repeat verb with a negative (§ 210) no, none, nūllus, -a, -um (§ 109) no one, nēmō, nūllīus nor, neque or nec not, nōn not even, nē ... quidem not only ... but also, nōn sōlum ... sed etiam nothing, nihil or nihilum, -ī, n. now, nunc number, numerus, -ī, m.
O
obey, pāreō, 2, with dat. (§ 153) of, sign of gen.; dē, with abl.; out of, ē or ex, with abl. often, saepe on (of place), in, with abl.; (of time) abl. without prep. on account of, propter, with acc.; or abl. of cause. on all sides, undique once (upon a time), ōlim 339 one, ūnus, -a, -um (§ 108) one ... another, alius ... alius (§ 110) only (adv.), sōlum; tantum	opportune, opportunus, -a, -um opposite, adversus, -a, -um oracle, ōrāculum, -ī, n. orator, ōrātor, -ōris, m. order, imperō, 1; iubeō, 2 ornament, ōrnāmentum, -ī, n. other, alius, -a, -ud (§ 109) others (the), reliquī, -ōrum, m. plur. ought, dēbeō, 2 our, noster, -tra, -trum ourselves, nōs, as reflexive object. See self overcome, superō, 1 ; vincō, 3 own (his, her, its, their), suus, -a, -um
P
part, pars, partis, f. peace, pāx, pācis, f. people, populus, -ī, m. Perseus, Perseus, -ī, m. persuade, persuādeō, 2, with dat. (§ 153) pitch camp, castra pōnō place (Noun), locus, -ī, m. place, arrange, conlocō, 1 place, put, pōnō, 3 place in command, praeficiō, 3, with acc. and dat. (§ 426) plan (a), cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, n. please, placeō, 2, with dat. (§ 154) pleasing, grātus, -a, -um plow, arō, 1 Pompeii, Pompēiī, -ōrum, m. plur.	possible (as), expressed by quam and superl. powerful (be), valeō, 2 praise, laudō, 1 prefer, mālō, mālle, māluī, —— (§ 497) prepare for, parō, 1, with acc. press hard, premō, 3 protection, fidēs, fideī, f. province, prōvincia, -ae, f. public, pūblicus, -a, -um Publius, Pūblius, Pūblī, m. punishment, poena, -ae, f.; supplicium, suppli´cī, n. purpose, for the purpose of, ut, quī, or quō, with subjv.; ad, with gerund or gerundive; causā, following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive pursue, īnsequor, 3
Q
queen, rēgīna, -ae, f. quickly, celeriter	quite, expressed by the comp. degree
R
rampart, vāllum, -ī, n. rear, novissimum agmen reason, causa, -ae, f. receive, accipiō, 3; excipiō, 3 recent, recēns, -entis recently, nūper redoubt, castellum, -ī, n. refuse, recūsō, 1 remain, maneō, 2 remaining, reliquus, -a, -um reply, respondeō, 2 report (Noun), fama, -ae, f.; rūmor, -ōris, m. report (verb), adferō; dēferō; referō (§ 498) republic, rēs pūblica require, postulō, 1 resist, resistō, 3, with dat. (§ 154)	rest (the), reliquī, -ōrum, m. plur. 340 restrain, contineō, 2 retainer, cliēns, -entis, m. retreat, pedem referō; terga vertō return, redeō, 4; revertor, 3 revolution, rēs novae Rhine, Rhēnus, -ī, m. right, dexter, -tra, -trum river, flūmen, -inis, n.; fluvius, fluvī, m. road, via, -ae, f. Roman, Rōmānus, -a, -um Rome, Rōma, -ae, f. row, ōrdō, -inis, m. rule, regō, 3 rumor, fāma, -ae, f.; rūmor, -ōris, m. run, currō, 3
S
sacrifice, sacrum, -ī, n. safety, salūs, -ūtis, f. sail, nāvigō, 1 sailor, nauta, -ae, m. sake, for the sake of, causā, following a gen. same, īdem, eadem, idem (§ 287) savages, barbarī, -ōrum, m. plur. save, servō, 1 say, dīcō, 3 school, lūdus, -ī, m.; schola, -ae, f. scout, explōrātor, -ōris, m. sea, mare, -is, n. second, secundus, -a, -um see, videō, 2 seek, petō, 3 seem, videor, 2, passive of videō seize, occupō, 1; rapiō, 3 self, ipse, -a, -um (§ 286); suī (§ 281) send, mittō, 3 set fire to, incendō, 3 set out, proficīscor, 3 seven, septem Sextus, Sextus, -ī, m. she, ea; haec; ista; illa (§ 115); or not expressed ship, nāvis, -is, f. (§ 243. 1) short, brevis, -e shout, clāmor, -ōris, m. show, dēmōnstrō, 1 Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, f. sick, aeger, -gra, -grum side, latus, -eris, n. siege, obsidiō, -ōnis, f. since, cum, with subjv. (§ 396); the abl. abs. (§ 381) sing, canō, 3; cantō, 1 sister, soror, -ōris, f. sit, sedeō, 2 size, magnitūdō, -inis, f. skillful, perītus, -a, -um slave, servus, -ī, m. slavery, servitiūs, -ūtis, f. slow, tardus, -a, -um	small, parvus, -a, -um snatch, rapiō, 3 so, ita; sīc; tam so great, tantus, -a, -um so that, ut; so that not, ut nōn soldier, mīles, -itis, m. some, often not expressed; quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod); aliquī, aliqua, aliquod some one, quis; aliquis (§ 487) some ... others, aliī ... aliī (§ 110) something, quid; aliquid (§ 487) son, fīlius, fīlī, m. soon, mox space, spatium, spatī, n. spear, pīlum, -ī, n. spirited, ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre spring, fōns, fontis, m. spur, calcar, -āris, n. stand, stō, 1 341 state, cīvitās, -ātis, f. station, conlocō, 1 steadiness, cōnstantia, -ae, f. stone, lapis, -idis, m. storm, oppugnō, 1 story, fābula, -ae, f. street, via, -ae, f. strength, vīs, (vīs), f. strong, fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um sturdy, validus, -a, -um such, tālis, -e suddenly, subitō suffer punishment, supplicium dō sufficiently, satis suitable, idōneus, -a, -um summer, aestās, -ātis, f. sun, sōl, sōlis, m. supplies, commeātus, -ūs, m. surrender, trādō, 3 suspect, suspicor, 1 swift, celer, -eris, -ere; vēlōx, -ōcis sword, gladius, gladī, m.
T
take, capture, capiō, 3 take part in, intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus, with dat. (§ 426) take possession of, occupō, 1 tall, altus, -a, -um task, opus, operis, n. teach, doceō, 2 teacher, magister, -trī, m. tear (Noun), lacrima, -ae, f. tell, dīcō, 3; nārrō, 1 ten, decem terrified, perterritus, -a, -um terrify, perterreō, 2 than, quam that (conj. after verbs of saying and the like), not expressed that (pron.), is; iste; ille that, in order that, in purpose clauses, ut; after verbs of fearing, nē (§§ 349, 366, 372) that not, lest, in purpose clauses, nē; after verbs of fearing, ut (§§ 349, 366, 372) the, not expressed their, gen. plur. of is; reflexive, suus, -a, -um (§ 116) their own, suus, -a, -um (§ 116) then, at that time, tum then, in the next place, deinde, tum there, as expletive, not expressed there, in that place, ibi therefore, itaque they, iī; hī; istī; illī; or not expressed	think, arbitror, 1; exīstimō, 1; putō, 1 third, tertius, -a, -um this, hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id though, cum. with subjv. (§ 396) thousand, mīlle (§ 479) three, trēs, tria (§ 479) through, per, with acc. thy, tuus, -a, -um time, tempus, -oris, n. to, sign of dat.; ad, in, with acc.; expressing purpose, ut, quī, with subjv.; ad, with gerund or gerundive to each other, inter, with acc. of a reflexive pron. to-day, hodiē tooth, dēns, dentis, m. top of, summus, -a, -um tower, turris, -is, f. (§ 243. 2) town, oppidum, -ī, n. townsman, oppidānus, -ī, m. trace, vestīgium, vestī´gī, n. trader, mercātor, -ōris, m. train, exerceō, 2 tree, arbor, -oris, f. 342 tribe, gēns, gentis, f. troops, cōpiae, -ārum, f. plur. true, vērus, -a, -um trumpet, tuba, -ae, f. try, cōnor, 1; temptō, 1 twelve, duodecim two, duo, duae, duo (§ 479)
U
under, sub, with acc. or abl. undertake, suscipiō, 3 unharmed, incolumis, -e unless, nisi	unlike, dissimilis, -e unwilling (be), nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— (§ 497) up to, sub, with acc. us, nōs, acc. plur. of ego
V
very, superl. degree; maximē; ipse, -a, -um (§ 285) victor, victor, -ōris, m. victory, victōria, -ae, f. village, vīcus, -ī, m.	violence, vīs, (vīs), f. violently, vehementer voice, vōx, vōcis, f.
W
wage, gerō, 3 wagon, carrus. -ī, m. wall, mūrus, -ī, m. want, inopia, -ae, f. war, bellum, -ī, n. watch, vigilia, -ae, f. water, aqua, -ae, f. wave, fluctus, -ūs, m. way, iter, itineris, n. (§ 468); via, -ae, f. way, manner, modus, -ī, m. we, nōs, plur. of ego; or not expressed weak, īnfīrmus, -a, -um weapons, arma, -ōrum, n. plur.; tēla, -ōrum, n. plur. wear, gerō, 3 weary, dēfessus, -a, -um what, quis (quī), quae, quid (quod) (§ 483) when, ubi; cum (§ 396); often expressed by a participle where, ubi which, quī, quae, quod (§ 482); which of two, uter, utra, utrum (§ 108) while, expressed by a participle whither, quō who (rel.), quī, quae (§ 482); (interrog.) quis (§ 483) whole, tōtus, -a, -um (§ 108) whose, cuius; quōrum, quārum, quōrum, gen. of quī, quae, quod, rel.; or of quis, quid, interrog. why, cūr	wicked, malus, -a, -um wide, lātus, -a, -um width, lātitūdō, -inis, f. wild beast, fera, -ae, f. willing (be), volō, velle, voluī, —— (§ 497) win (a victory), reportō, 1 wind, ventus, -ī, m. wine, vīnum, -ī, n. wing, cornū, -ūs, n. winter, hiems, -emis, f. wisdom, cōnsilium, consi´lī, n. wish, cupiō, 3; volō, velle, voluī, —— (§ 497); wish not, nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —— (§ 497) with, cum, with abl.; sometimes abl. alone withdraw, sē recipere without, sine, with abl. woman, fēmina, -ae, f.; mulier, -eris, f. 343 wonderful, mīrus, -a, -um word, verbum, -ī, n. work, labor, -ōris, m.; opus, -eris, n. worse, peior, peius, comp. of malus worst, pessimus, -a, -um, superl. of malus wound (Noun), vulnus, -eris, n. wound (verb), vulnerō, 1 wreath, corōna, -ae, f. wretched, miser, -era, -erum wrong, iniūria, -ae, f.
Y
year, annus, -ī, m. yes, certē; ita; vērō; or, more usually, repeat the verb (§ 210) yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud	you, sing. tū; plur. vōs (§ 480); or not expressed your, sing. tuus, -a, -um; plur. vester, -tra, -trum (§ 98. b)
Z
zeal, studium, studī, n.

344

INDEX

The numbers in all cases refer to sections.

ā-declension of nouns, 57, 461

ā-verbs, conjugation of, 488

ablative case, 48, 50

absolute, 381

after a comparative, 309

of accompaniment, 104

of agent, 181

of cause, 102

of description, 444, 445

of manner, 105

of means or instrument, 103

of measure of difference, 317

of place from which, 179

of place where, 265

of separation, 180

of specification, 398

of time, 275

accent, 14-16

accompaniment

abl. of, 104

accusative case, 33

as subject of the infinitive, 214

object, 37

of duration and extent, 336

of place to which, 263, 266

predicate, 392

with prepositions, 340

adjectives, 54, 55

agreement, 65

comparison

regular, 301

by adverbs, 302

irregular, 307, 311, 312, 315

declension of comparatives, 303

of first and second declensions, 83, 93, 469

of third declension, 250-257, 471

with the dative, 143

adverbs, 319

comparison, 320, 323

formation

regular, 320, 321

irregular, 322, 323

agent

expressed by the abl. with ā or ab, 181

agreement

of adjectives, 65, 215. a

of appositives, 81

of predicate nouns, 76

of relative pronouns, 224

of verbs, 28

aliquis, 487

alius, 108, 110, 470

alphabet, 1-3

alter, 108, 110

antepenult, 9. 3

accent of, 15

apposition, 80, 81

article

not used in Latin, 22. a

base, 58

cardinal numerals, 327-329, 478

case, 32. 2

causal clauses with cum, 395, 396

cause,

expressed by the abl., 102

characteristic

subjv. of, 389, 390

comparative

declension of, 303

comparison

abl. of, 309

degrees of, 300

of adjectives, 300-315

irregular, 311-315, 473, 475

of adverbs

regular, 320-476

irregular, 323, 477

positive wanting, 315

six adjectives in -lis, 307

complementary infinitive, 215

compound verbs

with the dative, 425, 426

345

concessive clauses with cum, 395, 396

conjugation stems, 184

conjugations

the four regular, 126, 488-491

irregular, 494-500

consonants, 2

copula, 21

cum

conjunction, 395

cum

preposition, 209

dative case, 43

of indirect object, 44, 45

of purpose, or end for which, 437

with adjectives, 143

with compound verbs, 426

with special verbs, 153

dea

declension of, 67

declension, 23, 32

degree of difference

expressed by the abl., 317

demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, 112-115, 290-292, 481

deponent verbs, 338, 339, 493

descriptive ablative and genitive, 441-445

descriptive relative clause

with the subjv., 389, 390

deus

declension of, 468

difference, measure of, 316, 317

diphthongs, 6

direct statements, 414

distributive numerals, 327. 3, 334

domī

locative, 267

domus

declension of, 468

duo

declension of, 479

duration of time, expressed by the acc., 336

ē-declension of nouns, 272, 273, 467

ē-verbs, conjugation of, 489

ĕ-verbs, conjugation of, 490

ego

declension of, 280, 480

enclitics, 16

eō

conjugation of, 499

extent of space

expressed by the acc., 336

fearing

subjv. after verbs of, 370-372

ferō

conjugation of, 498

fifth or ē-declension, 272, 273, 467

fīlia

declension of, 67

fīlius

declension of, 87-89

finite verb

defined, 173

fīō

conjugation of, 500

first conjugation, 488

first or ā-declension, 57, 461

fourth conjugation, 491

fourth or u-declension, 259, 260, 466

from

how expressed, 178-181

future participle

formation of, 374. c

future perfect

formation of

active, 187. 3

passive, 202

future tense

formation of, 137, 156

gender

in English and in Latin, 60

in the first declension, 61

in the second declension, 72

in the third declension, 247

in the fourth declension, 260

in the fifth declension, 272

general observations on declension, 74

genitive case

English equivalents of, 33

of description, 443, 445

of nouns in -ius and -ium, 87

partitive, 331

possessive, 38, 409

gerund

a verbal noun, 402, 403

gerundive

a verbal adjective, 404

with ad to express purpose, 407

hic

declension and use of, 290, 291

how to read Latin, 17

consonant, 3

i-stems of nouns, 231, 241-244

ī-verbs

conjugation of, 491

īdem

declension of, 287, 481

iēns

declension of, 472

ille

declension and use of, 290-293, 481

346

imperative

formation of, 161, 175

irregular, 161. 2

in commands, 161

imperfect indicative, formation and use of, 133, 134, 165. 1

imperfect subjunctive, 354

indefinite pronouns and adjectives, 296, 297, 484-487

independent clauses, 219

indirect object, 44, 45

indirect questions, 430-432

indirect statements, 414-419

infinitive

as object, 213

as subject, 216

complementary, 215

definition of, 173

does not express purpose, 352

formation of, 126, 174, 205, 206

in indirect statements, 415-410

used as in English, 213-216

inflection

defined, 23

instrument

abl. of, 100. b, 103

intensive pronoun

ipse, declension and use of, 285, 286, 481

interrogative pronouns and adjectives, 225-227, 483

intransitive verbs,

defined, 20. a

with the dative, 153

iō-verbs of the third conj., 492

ipse

declension and use of, 285, 481

irregular adjectives, 108

irregular comparison

of adjectives, 307 311, 312

of adverbs, 323

irregular nouns, 67, 246, 468

irregular verbs, 494-500

declension and use of, 113-116

iste

declension and use of, 290, 292, 481

iter

declension of, 468

Latin word order, 68

locative case, 267

magis and maximē

comparison by, 302

mālō

conjugation of, 4.97

manner

abl. of, 105

means

abl. of, 103

measure of difference

abl. of, 316, 317

mīlle,

declension of, 479

construction with, 331. a,b

moods, defined, 121

-ne, enclitic

in questions, 210

nē, conj., that not, lest

with negative clauses of purpose, 350.II

with verbs of fearing, 370

nine irregular adjectives, 108-110

nōlō

conjugation of, 497

nominative case, 35, 36

nōnne

in questions, 210

nōs

declension of, 280, 480

Nouns, 19. 2

first declension, 57, 461

second declension, 71-74,87-92,462

third declension, 230-247, 463-465

fourth declension, 259, 260, 466

fifth declension, 272, 273, 467

num, in questions, 210

number, 24

numerals, 327-334, 478, 479

o-declension of nouns, 71-74, 87-92, 462

object, 20

direct, 37

indirect, 44, 45

order of words, 68

ordinal numerals, 327. 2, 478

participial stem, 201. 2

participles, defined, 203

agreement of, 204

formation,

of present, 374. b

of perfect, 201

of future, 374. c,d

of deponent verbs, 375

tenses of, 376

translated by a clause, 377

partitive genitive, 330, 331

passive voice

defined, 163

formation of, 164, 202

penult, 9. 3

accent of, 15

perfect indicative

formation,

in the active, 185, 186

in the passive, 202

347

meaning of, 190

definite, 190

indefinite, 190

distinguished from the imperfect, 190

perfect infinitive

active, 195

passive, 205

perfect passive participle, 201

perfect stem, 185

perfect subjunctive

active, 361

passive, 362

person, 122

personal endings

active, 122

passive, 164

personal pronouns, 280, 480

place

where, whither, whence, 263-265

names of towns and domus and rūs, 266-268

pluperfect indicative

active, 187. 2

passive, 202

pluperfect subjunctive

active, 361

passive, 363

plūs

declension of, 313

possessive pronouns, 97, 98

possum

conjugation of, 495

predicate

defined, 19

predicate adjective

defined, 55

predicate noun, 75, 76

prepositions

with the abl., 209

with the acc., 340

present indicative, 128, 130, 147

present stem, 126. a

present subjunctive, 344

primary tenses, 356

principal parts, 183

pronouns

classification of, 278

defined, 19. 2. a

demonstrative, 481

indefinite, 297, 484-487

intensive, 285, 286, 481

interrogative, 483

personal, 480

possessive, 97, 98

reflexive, 281

relative, 220, 221

pronunciation, 4-7

prōsum

conjugation of, 496

purpose

dative of, 436, 437

expressed by the gerund or gerundive with ad, 407

not expressed by the infinitive, 352

subjunctive of, 348-350, 365-367

quality

gen. or abl. of, 441-445

quam

with a comparative, 308

quantity, 11-13

questions

direct, 210

indirect, 430-432

quī

declension and use of, 220,221, 482

quīdam

declension of, 485

quis

declension and use of, 225-227, 483

quisquam

declension of, 486

quisque

declension of, 484

reflexive pronouns, 281

relative clauses of characteristic or description, 389, 390

relative clauses of purpose, 348, 349

relative pronouns, 220, 221

result clauses, 384-387

reviews, 502-528

rūs

constructions of, 266

sē

distinguished from ipse, 285. a

second conjugation, 489

second or o-declension, 71-93, 462

sentences

simple, complex, compound, 219

separation

abl. of, 180

separative ablative, 178-181

sequence of tenses, 356-358

space

extent of, expressed by the acc., 336

specification

abl. of, 398

stems

of nouns, 230

of verbs, 184

subject

defined, 19. 2

of the infinitive, 213, 214

subjunctive

formation of the present, 344

348

of the imperfect, 354

of the perfect, 361, 362

of the pluperfect, 361. c, 363

subjunctive constructions

characteristic or description, 389, 390

indirect questions, 430-432

purpose, 349, 366, 372

result, 385, 386

time, cause, or concession, with cum, 395, 396

subjunctive ideas, 346

subjunctive tenses, 342, 343

subordinate clauses, 219

suī

declension of, 281, 480

sum

conjugation of, 494

suus

use of, 98. c, 116

syllables, 8

division of, 9

quantity of, 13

syntax

rules of, 501

temporal clauses with cum, 395, 396

tense

defined, 120

tense signs

imperfect, 133

future, 137, 156

pluperfect active, 187. 2

future perfect active, 187. 3

tenses

primary and secondary, 356

sequence of, 357, 358

third conjugation, 490, 492

third declension of nouns

classes, 231, 463

consonant stems, 232-238, 464

gender, 247

i-stems, 241-244, 465

irregular nouns, 246

time

abl. of, 275

time

acc. of, 336

towns

rules for names of, 266, 267, 268

transitive verb, 20. a

trēs

declension of, 479

tū

declension of, 280, 480

tuus

compared with vester, 98. b

u-declension of nouns, 259, 260, 466

ultima, 9. 3

verbs

agreement of, 28

conjugation of, 126, 488-491

deponent, 338, 339, 493

irregular, 494-500

personal endings of, 122, 164

principal parts of, 183

vester

compared with tuus, 98. b

vīs

declension of, 468

vocabularies

English-Latin, pp. 332-343

Latin-English, pp. 299-331

special, pp. 283-298

vocative case, 56. a

of nouns in -us of the second declension, 73. b

of proper nouns in -ius and of fīlius, 88

voice

defined, 163

volō

conjugation of, 497

vōs

declension of, 280, 480

vowels

sounds of, 5, 6

quantity of, 12

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READING MATTER

APPENDIXES AND VOCABULARIES

INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS

THE LABORS OF HERCULES

LIII.1 THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS

LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ

HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION

LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS1 · HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION

LVI. SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA

LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR

LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS

LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO EURYSTHEUS

THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES

LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS

THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS

P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY1

LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II

LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM

LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM

LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER

LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII

LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON

SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION

LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION

LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS

LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS

LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED

LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS

LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY

LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED

LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY · THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA

LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR

DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.

NOUNS

ADJECTIVES

I. THREE ENDINGS

II. TWO ENDINGS

III. ONE ENDING

PRONOUNS

REGULAR VERBS

IRREGULAR VERBS

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

REVIEWS1

SPECIAL VOCABULARIES

The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”

LESSON IV, § 39

LESSON V, § 47

LESSON VI, § 56

LESSON VII, § 62

LESSON VIII, § 69

LESSON IX, § 77

LESSON X, § 82

LESSON XI, § 86

LESSON XII, § 90

LESSON XIII, § 95

LESSON XIV, § 99

LESSON XV, § 107

LESSON XVII, § 117

LESSON XVIII, § 124

LESSON XX, § 136

LESSON XXI, § 140

LESSON XXII, § 146

LESSON XXVII, § 168

LESSON XXVIII, § 171

LESSON XXIX, § 176

LESSON XXX, § 182

LESSON XXXI, § 188

LESSON XXXII, § 193

LESSON XXXIV, § 200

LESSON XXXVI, § 211

LESSON XXXVII, § 217

LESSON XXXIX, § 234

LESSON XL, § 237

LESSON XLI, § 239

LESSON XLIII, § 245

LESSON XLIV, § 249

LESSON XLV, § 258