The Motley Crew

January 26, 2011

Matthew 23:23-26

The Questions

Read Matthew 23:23-24

1. What is Jesus trying to get across to them?

2. So what does Christian stewardship include?

3. Most Lutheran commentators would place any mention of ten percent into the Levitical law and totally a part of the old covenant. What do we believe?

4. How could they strain out a gnat and swallow the largest most ceremonially unclean animal in the Jewish lands?

5. How would Jesus apply this to us?

Read Matthew 23:25-26

6. Why is Jesus so concerned with the cup and the dish?

7. Jesus is accusing them of robbery and dishonesty – is that the way to wind friends and influence people?

8. How would Jesus apply this today?

9. How do any of us get clean?

All citations from the Holy Bible are from the New International Version, used with permission.

The Motley Crew

January 26, 2011

Matthew 23:23-26

Some Suggested Answers

We opened with prayer.

Read Matthew 23:23-24

23 “Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You give a tenth of your spices—mint, dill and cumin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law—justice, mercy and faithfulness. You should have practiced the latter, without neglecting the former. 24 You blind guides! You strain out a gnat but swallow a camel.

1. What is Jesus trying to get across to them?

Justice, mercy and faithfulness are virtues of the heart and actions that grow out of the heart by faith. By paying great emphasis on the small things of the law, they lost sight of the most important elements of the Law. These are actions that God through His prophets has preached to the Jews (and us!) throughout the Old Testament, and now fulfilled in the New Testament as well.

Hosea 6:6
For I desire mercy, not sacrifice,
and acknowledgment of God rather than burnt offerings.

Matthew 12:7
If you had known what these words mean, ‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice,’ you would not have condemned the innocent

4. How could they strain out a gnat and swallow the largest most ceremonially unclean animal in the Jewish lands?

Dr. Lenski observed

The scribes and the Pharisees were rigorists when it came to the easy features of the Jew's regulations. They demand that tithes be paid of even the small flavoring herbs of which a family might grow a few such as mint, dill and … cummin.... But they dismiss, as needing no attention at all, the real moral, spiritual parts of the law, and here Jesus mentions three points [viz. justice, mercy and faithfulness]. Lenski, pp. 907-8.

Just as many hypocrites, like them, make a great stir, and would appear very conscientious and scrupulous, about some little trifling things, and yet stick not, at other times, to commit the grossest enormities, and most scandalous sins in life, Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

They enforce the footnotes, but miss the the main meaning in the text.

Micah 6:6-8

6 With what shall I come before the LORD
and bow down before the exalted God?
Shall I come before him with burnt offerings,
with calves a year old?
7 Will the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams,
with ten thousand rivers of olive oil?
Shall I offer my firstborn for my transgression,
the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?
8 He has shown you, O mortal, what is good.
And what does the LORD require of you?
To act justly and to love mercy
and to walk humbly with your God.

In the same way, they would save a sheep on the Sabbath, but not a human being as we saw in Matthew 12:

9 Going on from that place, he went into their synagogue, 10 and a man with a shriveled hand was there. Looking for a reason to bring charges against Jesus, [the Pharisees] asked him, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?”

11 He said to them, “If any of you has a sheep and it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will you not take hold of it and lift it out? 12 How much more valuable is a person than a sheep! Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath.”

13 Then he said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” So he stretched it out and it was completely restored, just as sound as the other. 14 But the Pharisees went out and plotted how they might kill Jesus.

The gnat was the smallest unclean animal; the camel was the largest unclean animal. He is using a bit of hyperbole here, as He did in Matthew 19:24: "Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God."

Leviticus 11:41
Every creature that moves along the ground is to be regarded as unclean; it is not to be eaten.

Mint, Anise & Cummin - These were all herbs of little value. The law of Moses said that they should pay tithes of the "fruits of the earth," Deuteronomy 14:22. It said nothing, however, about herbs. It was a question whether these should be tithed. The Pharisees maintained, in their extraordinary strictness, that they ought. Our Saviour says that they were precise in doing small matters which the law had not expressly commanded, while they omitted the greater things which it had enjoined. Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Christ mentions these particular herbs and seeds, as a specimen of what they paid tithes of. In Luke, it is added, "and all manner of herbs": for, according to the traditions of the elders, they were in general subject to tithes: and it is a common saying or maxim of the Jews, that the tithing of corn is from the law, but "the tithing of herbs is from the Rabbins": it is a constitution of their's, and not of Moses: Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

2. So what does Christian stewardship include?

Everything that God has given to each of us: time, talent, treasure, testimony, justice, mercy, faithfulness. We are His stewards. It is our responsibility to take care of things as though He were not here, as though He was an absent landowner. We must take care of His people and His world, and everything on it. The question, then, becomes: How well am I using the things that God has given me to steward His resources?

John 13:34
“A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another.”

Lutheran theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer once wrote that a part of being a Christian is to speak up for those who have no voice. In 1930s Nazi Germany, it was the Jews who had no voice, and Bonhoeffer believed that Christians had a duty to speak up for the Jews. As his life testimony demonstrated, he did not mean merely lip service, but to take effective action. My next question for myself is: Who is it who has no voice in Decatur, Alabama, today?

Proverbs 31:8
Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves,
for the rights of all who are destitute.

Our Lord has frequently brought the Scribes and the Pharisees up short. The Parable of the Good Samaritan is another good example. Luke 10:25-37.

36 “Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of robbers?”

37 The expert in the law replied, “The one who had mercy on him.”

Jesus told him, “Go and do likewise.”

Stewardship is a topic that was frequently addressed by Our Lord.

Matthew 24:45-46
“Who then is the faithful and wise servant, whom the master has put in charge of the servants in his household to give them their food at the proper time? It will be good for that servant whose master finds him doing so when he returns.

Similar messages concerning stewardship are found in the two parables in Matthew 25:14-30, The Parable of the Bags of Gold [previously, the Parable of the Talents], and Luke 19:12-27, The Parable of the Minas.

A final part of this stewardship is to be testifying the Good News to others in this world, so that they may be saved, too.

3. Most Lutheran commentators would place any mention of ten percent into the Levitical law and totally a part of the old covenant. What do we believe?

Giving a tenth is a good place to start, but it's not just the money. Many times, it needs to be giving of much more of ourselves, including but not limited to cash. We need to use our time, talents, etc. To an extent, if I give only a tenth, then I'm a Pharisee. Rather, we must give our abilities, skills, and talents, and then according to the need.

Dr. Lenski writes (p. 908):

One of the outstanding facts is that the Gospels mention tithing only three times, in three condemnations of the Pharisees, all three being scathing in their severity.

Tithing was mentioned by God before the Levitical covenant. In Genesis 14:17-24, after Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer, Melchizedek, king of Salem, brought out bread and wine, praised God, and blessed Abram. Then Abram gave him a tenth of everything. When Melchizedek objected, Abram said that he had sworn to accept nothing belonging to him, so that no one could say about Melchizedek that he made Abram rich.

What the New Testament talks about is giving in everything, joyfully, generously, and not according to any measure.

2 Corinthians 9:7-8
Each of you should give what you have decided in your heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver. And God is able to bless you abundantly, so that in all things at all times, having all that you need,

you will abound in every good work.

Thus, our giving should not be governed by the Law. Rather, our giving should be appropriate to the need, whether time, talent, treasure, testimony, justice, mercy, or faithfulness.

The conversation turned to itinerant ministers. We recalled the warnings in the Gospels about true and false prophets, for example, Matthew 7: 15-20 ( … by their fruit you will recognize them). There was also the late first century document, The Didache, that warned about false prophets and apostles in Chapter 11:

Let every apostle who comes to you be received as the Lord. But he shall not remain more than one day; or two days, if there's a need. But if he remains three days, he is a false prophet. ... If he asks for money, he is a false prophet. … [N]ot every one who speaks in the Spirit is a prophet; but only if he holds the ways of the Lord. Therefore from their ways shall the false prophet and the prophet be known.

Likewise, in Chapter 12, the Reception of Christians:

… receive everyone who comes in the name of the Lord, .... If he who comes is a wayfarer, assist him as far as you are able; but he shall not remain with you more than two or three days, if need be. But if he wants to stay with you, and is an artisan, let him work and eat. But if he has no trade, according to your understanding, see to it that, as a Christian, he shall not live with you idle. But if he wills not to do, he is a Christ-monger. Watch that you keep away from such.

Jeanne remembered the old saying about fish and company: after three days, they need to go. Pastor Eddie recalled having had people come to him at the church saying that they were itinerant ministers and asking that the church support them for a month while they minister to the community. We declined.

However, there is a distinction between these and those who we, as a congregation, ask to come and serve us as a minister. In the Gospels, Paul speaks about the rights of such a one, and writes that such a person is to be supported by the congregation. In 1 Corinthians 9:13-14, he writes: “Don’t you know that those who serve in the temple get their food from the temple, and that those who serve at the altar share in what is offered on the altar? In the same way, the Lord has commanded that those who preach the gospel should receive their living from the gospel.”

Likewise, in 1 Timothy 5:17-18, Paul writes: “The elders who direct the affairs of the church well are worthy of double honor, especially those whose work is preaching and teaching. 18 For Scripture says, “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain,”[Deut. 25:4] and “The worker deserves his wages.”[Luke 10:7]”

Finally, again in 1 Corinthians 9, Paul writes about his rights as an apostle. In verse 4 he asks: “Don’t we have the right to food and drink?” Beginning at verse 7, he continued:

7 Who serves as a soldier at his own expense? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its grapes? Who tends a flock and does not drink the milk? 8 Do I say this merely on human authority? Doesn’t the Law say the same thing? 9 For it is written in the Law of Moses: “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.” Is it about oxen that God is concerned? 10 Surely he says this for us, doesn’t he? Yes, this was written for us, because whoever plows and threshes should be able to do so in the hope of sharing in the harvest. 11 If we have sown spiritual seed among you, is it too much if we reap a material harvest from you? 12 If others have this right of support from you, shouldn’t we have it all the more?

However, Paul continued, “But we did not use this right.” Instead, he took a job and supported himself while also working as an apostle. This is referred to as the “tent-maker ministry.” To an extent, this is still done, especially in smaller communities who cannot support a full-time minister.

The Didache, referred to a moment ago, address this same issue in Chapter 13, Support of Prophets.

But every true prophet who wants to live among you is worthy of his support. So also a true teacher is himself worthy, as the workman, of his support. Every first-fruit, therefore, of the products of wine-press and threshing-floor, of oxen and of sheep, you shall take and give to the prophets, for they are your high priests.

5. How would Jesus apply this to us?

Take care of justice, mercy and faithfulness.

Micah 6:8
He has shown you, O mortal, what is good.
And what does the LORD require of you?
To act justly and to love mercy
and to walk humbly with your God.

Sometimes, we might wonder how we, who are so little, can help to alleviate such big problems. But we must remember, as we saw throughout the Old Testament, God uses ordinary people to do extraordinary things. If we love others as He loved us, there won't be a problem.

Read Matthew 23:25-26

25 “Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You clean the outside of the cup and dish, but inside they are full of greed and self-indulgence. 26 Blind Pharisee! First clean the inside of the cup and dish, and then the outside also will be clean.

6. Why is Jesus so concerned with the cup and the dish?

Mark 7:4
When they come from the marketplace they do not eat unless they wash. And they observe many other traditions, such as the washing of cups, pitchers and kettles.

Jesus desires inward cleanliness, not just outward polish, as we see from these excerpts from the Sermon on the Mount:

Matthew 6:1
“Be careful not to practice your righteousness in front of others to be seen by them. If you do, you will have no reward from your Father in heaven.

Matthew 6:5
“And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward in full.

Matthew 6:16
“When you fast, do not look somber as the hypocrites do, for they disfigure their faces to show others they are fasting. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward in full.

The Pharisees were exceedingly exact in observing all the washings and purifications prescribed by the law; but paid no attention to that inward purity which was typified by them. A man may appear clean without, who is unclean within; but outward purity will not avail in the sight of God, where inward holiness is wanting. Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

They make show of a pure and clean soul, but under it lies hid a leprosy: they are like to "vessels full of uncleanness"; they are outwardly washed with the water of fraud and craftiness; but whatsoever is within, in the midst or them, is unclean. Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

7. Jesus is accusing them of robbery and dishonesty – is that the way to wind friends and influence people?

He was more interested in saving their souls than trying to make friends. Indeed, this is His final appeal to the Pharisees, Sadducees and Scribes. And although some responded to His message, this group did not, to their eternal regret. This would not be His last “reaching out” however. And how I would love to hear, as the last thing I hear on this earth: “Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise.” Luke 23:43.

Let them be filled with the fruits of honest industry, and then the outside and the inside will be really "clean." By this allusion to the cup and platter he taught them that it was necessary to cleanse the heart first, that the external conduct might be really pure and holy. Barnes' Notes on the Bible

I remembered Beth telling the story of her father, Pastor Hornish, in his last hours, saying again and again “Just one more soul for Jesus.”

8. How would Jesus apply this today?

It's the same message: be clean inside! Specifically, He would be preaching to all who secure their living and luxury in dishonest ways.

Matthew 19:24
"Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God."

However, we all need to remember to love others fully, as Our Lord loved us, as frightening a prospect as that may be.

Habakkuk 2:6-8

6 “Will not all of them taunt him with ridicule and scorn, saying,

“‘Woe to him who piles up stolen goods
and makes himself wealthy by extortion!
How long must this go on?’
7 Will not your creditors suddenly arise?
Will they not wake up and make you tremble?
Then you will become their prey.
8 Because you have plundered many nations,
the peoples who are left will plunder you.
For you have shed human blood;
you have destroyed lands and cities and everyone in them.

9. How do any of us get clean?

Be washed in the blood of Jesus.

Theologian Watchman Nee (1903-1972), in The Normal Christian Life, writes:

What do I mean when I say, by the Blood'? I mean simply that I recognize my sins, that I confess that I have need of cleansing and of atonement, and that I come to God on the basis of the finished work of the Lord Jesus. I approach God through His merit alone, and never on the basis of my attainment; never, for example, on the ground that I have been extra kind or patient today, or that I have done something for the Lord this morning. I have to come by way of the Blood every time. … A clear conscience is never based upon our attainment; it can only be based on the work of the Lord Jesus in the shedding of His Blood. ...

Your approach to God is ... always in boldness; and that boldness is yours through the Blood and never through your personal attainment. Whatever be your measure of attainment today or yesterday or the day before, as soon as you make a conscious move into the Most Holy Place, immediately you have to take your stand upon the safe and only ground of the shed Blood. Whether you have had a good day or a bad day, whether you have consciously sinned or not, your basis of approach is always the same – the Blood of Christ. That is the ground upon which you may enter, and there is no other.

Copyright Angus Kinnear 1961. Used by permission of Kingsway Publications, Eastbourne, England. Source: CCEL, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/nee/normal.txt 

… the great concern of all men should be, inward purity; that their hearts be purified by faith in the blood of Christ, and sprinkled from an evil conscience by the same; that principles of grace and holiness be formed in them by the Spirit of God; and then their outward lives and conversations being influenced thereby, will be honourable and agreeable to their professions. Otherwise, an external reformation, or an outward show of holiness, and bare pretensions to it, without internal grace, will never be of any avail in the sight of God. Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

An additional thought: I am able to accomplish any good by the grace of God.

We closed with prayer.

"Our struggle is not against flesh and blood,
but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world
and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms.
Therefore put on the full armor of God,
so that when the day of evil comes,
you may be able to stand your ground,
and after you have done everything,
to stand."

Ephesians 6:12-13

Parallel Verses

Luke 11:39-42

39 Then the Lord said to him, “Now then, you Pharisees clean the outside of the cup and dish, but inside you are full of greed and wickedness. 40 You foolish people! Did not the one who made the outside make the inside also? 41 But now as for what is inside you—be generous to the poor, and everything will be clean for you.

42 “Woe to you Pharisees, because you give God a tenth of your mint, rue and all other kinds of garden herbs, but you neglect justice and the love of God. You should have practiced the latter without leaving the former undone.

For Additional Study

Online Resources

Book of Concord in PDF Format, The Lutheran Church — Missouri Synod <http://www.lcms.org/graphics/assets/media/LCMS/TrigBOC.pdf> (2MB file)

These texts are in the public domain and may be copied and distributed freely. The source of these translations is Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921).

A number of important Lutheran texts can be found in the Belief and Practice section of the website of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod: http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=112

John S. C. Abbott and Jacob Abbott, Illustrated New Testament
http://www.studylight.org/com/ain/

Albert Barnes, Notes on the New Testament
http://www.studylight.org/com/bnn/

Harold F. Buls
http://www.pericope.org/buls-notes/index.html and
http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-bul.html
Adapted from Exegetical Notes, Series A, Festival Season Sundays, Gospel Texts, by Harold H. Buls, Concordia Theological Seminary Press: Ft Wayne IN, 1980

The Adam Clarke Commentary
http://www.studylight.org/com/acc/

Burton Coffman, Commentary on the Whole Bible
http://www.studylight.org/com/bcc/

John Darby, Synopsis of the Bible
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/darby/matthew1.htm

The Greek Interlinear Bible,
http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Greek_Index.htm
Based on NA26/27. A word-by-word translation of the Greek New Testament.

David Guzik, Commentaries on the Bible
http://www.studylight.org/com/guz/

The Geneva Study Bible
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/geneva/matthew1.htm

John Gill, Exposition of the Bible
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/gill/matthew1.htm

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible (Complete)
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/mh/matthew1.htm

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible (Concise)
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/mhc/matthew1.htm

Jamieson, Faussett and Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/jfb/matthew1.htm

B.W. Johnson, People's New Testament
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/johnson/matthew1.htm

John Lightfoot, Bible Commentary
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/light/matthew1.htm

Martin Luther, Commentary on Galatians
http://www.studylight.org/com/mlg/

J. W. McGarvey, Original Commentary on Acts
http://www.studylight.org/com/oca/

J. W. McGarvey and Philip Y. Pendleton, The Fourfold Gospel (also known as "Harmony Of the Four Gospels")
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/four/matthew1.htm

Alexander Maclaren's commentaries on the books of the Bible (various titles)
http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/m#a2330

The NET Bible. <http://bible.org/netbible/> A completely new translation of the Bible with 60,932 translators’ notes. It was completed by more than 25 scholars – experts in the original biblical languages – who worked directly from the best currently available Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts. Excellent notes, citing both the Greek and Hebrew, as needed. Greek and Hebrew fonts available without cost.

A.T. Robertson, Word Pictures of the New Testament
http://www.studylight.org/com/rwp/

C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Reference Notes (1917 Edition)
http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/

Charles H. Spurgeon, The Treasury of David
http://www.studylight.org/com/tod/

R.A. Torrey, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
http://www.studylight.org/com/tsk/

W.E. Vine, Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words
http://www.antioch.com.sg/bible/vines/

John Wesley, Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/wesley/matthew1.htm

Other Additional Resources:
http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/SPLC/Motley%20Crew%20Research%20Resources.html

Other Resources

Barker, Kenneth L., ed., TNIV Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006)

Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Readers Edition. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2006)

Davies, Benjamin, ed., Baker's Pocket Harmony of the Gospels (Baker Book House, 1975). Formerly printed as Harmony of the Four Gospels.

Goodrick, Edward W. and John R. Kohlenberger III, eds., The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999). This is the second edition, originally published as the Zondervan NIV Exhaustive Concordance. It was originally published as The NIV Exhaustive Concordance. It should be distinguished from The NIV Complete Concordance by the same authors.

Green, Jay P., ed., The Interlinear Greek-English New Testament. Vol. IV. Second Edition. (Hendrickson Publishers, 1985)

Halley, Henry H., Halley's Bible Handbook. New Revised Edition (24^th Edition). (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1965)

Hickie, W.J., Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1977). This is a reprint of an older edition, originally published by Macmillan, August. 1893. A contemporary review described this as "A handy little volume, compiled on sound principles from trustworthy authorities." The 1911 edition is available online and for download at http://openlibrary.org/b/OL17866849M/Greek-English_lexicon_to_the_New_Testament

Hoerber, Robert G., ed., Concordia Self-Study Bible. NIV (Great Rapids, Zondervan: 1973, 1984).

Lenski, R.C.H., The Interpretation of St. Matthew's Gospel (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1943, reprinted 1964)

The Lutheran Study Bible (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2009).

Nave, Orville J., ed., Nave's Topical Bible (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1979)

New Bible Dictionary. Second Edition. (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1962)

Nicoll, W. Robertson, The Greek Expositor's Testament. Vol. 1. Five Volumes. (New York: George H. Doran Co., ca. 1910). Excellent notes on the Greek text and summaries of commentators. Available at Google Books ( www.books.google.com ) and the Internet Archive ( www.archive.org - easier to find here than at Google Books).

NIV Archeological Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005)

Alexander Maclaren, Expositions of Holy Scripture (Text from Project Gutenberg)

Robertson, A.T., Word Pictures in the New Testament (Nashville: Holman Reference, 2000). This “Concise Edition” is derived from the six-volume work by Robertson published in 1933. Robertson was also the author of 45 books, including numerous commentaries, a Harmony of the Gospels, etc. Also available online

Rogers, Cleon L. Jr., and Cleon L. Rogers III, eds., The New Linguistic and Exegetical Key to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1998). This is the second edition of the excellent work by Fritz Rienecker, A Linguistic Key to the Greek New Testament, translated and edited by Cleon L. Rogers, Jr.

Strong, James, ed., The New Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990)

Vine, W.E., Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words: A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Original Greek Words with their Precise Meanings for English Readers (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, no date). Originally published circa 1940.