The Motley Crew

June 2, 2010

Happy Birthday Tricia!!

The Questions

Read Matthew 14:22-30

1. How come Jesus made them get into the boat and leave this miracle immediately?

2. Dr. Lenski comments, “The 12 would have delighted in such a scheme.” What do you think?

3. Why would Jesus need to pray?

4. How long did He pray?

5. I wonder what the strength and hope of the Apostles were like at this point? (See Verses 25-26)

6. And Who comes to them in their exhaustion?

7. Did Jesus walk on the lake or just appear?

8. Who saw Him?

9. Mark implies Jesus may have watched them for a little while before He appeared to them. Why would Jesus do that?

10. The waves didn't make them shriek – but Jesus did. I wonder why?

11. What do you think of Peter's request?

12. What happened to Peter?

The Motley Crew

June 2, 2010

Happy Birthday Tricia!!

Some Suggested Answers

We opened with prayer.

Note: During the summer months, we will be meeting in the Office wing. There will be no Motley Crew on June 16^th due to Vacation Bible School – MegaSports Camp.

Read Matthew 14:22-30.

Jesus Walks on the Water

22 Immediately Jesus made the disciples get into the boat and go on ahead of him to the other side, while he dismissed the crowd. 23 After he had dismissed them, he went up on a mountainside by himself to pray. When evening came, he was there alone, 24 but the boat was already a considerable distance [Greek many stadia] from land, buffeted by the waves because the wind was against it.

25 During the fourth watch of the night Jesus went out to them, walking on the lake. 26 When the disciples saw him walking on the lake, they were terrified. "It's a ghost," they said, and cried out in fear.

27 But Jesus immediately said to them: "Take courage! It is I. Don't be afraid."

28 "Lord, if it's you," Peter replied, "tell me to come to you on the water."

29 "Come," he said.

Then Peter got down out of the boat, walked on the water and came toward Jesus. 30 But when he saw the wind, he was afraid and, beginning to sink, cried out, "Lord, save me!"

1. How come Jesus made them get into the boat and leave this miracle immediately?

John 6:15 gives us the answer: “Jesus, knowing that they intended to come and make him king by force, withdrew again to a mountain by himself.”

“It is John (6:15) who informs us regarding the reason for this hasty compulsion [to compel the disciples to enter into the boat and to dismiss the multitudes]. The multitudes were so affected by this miracle that they were scheming to kidnap Jesus and in triumph to carry him as king to Jerusalem at the time of the Passover now close at hand (John 6:4).” Lenski.

Verse 22: “Jesus made the disciples get into the boat.” The Greek word is ήνάγκασεν – to compel, to force, to urge strongly. Rogers & Rogers, p. 33; The TNIV Study Bible, p. 1634. Of course there was no physical compulsion, but there must have been urgency on Christ's part, and unwillingness on the part of disciples. Nicoll, The Expositor's Greek Testament.

If Christ said “go,” could anyone refuse? Keeping this in context, prior to the feeding of the 5,000, Christ had wanted to retire to a remote place to pray at the return of the 12 from a successful missionary journey, and after hearing the news of the death of John the Baptist. He did not do so because seeing the crowd, He had compassion on them, because they were like sheep without a shepherd (Matthew 14:13-14, Mark 6:34). Now, with the crowd having been taken care of, Christ urgently wanted to have time with His Father.

Constrained (ήνάγκασεν). Literally, "compelled" or "forced." See this word also in Luke 14:23. The explanation for this strong word in Mark 6:45 and Matthew 14:22 is given in John 6:15. It is the excited purpose of the crowd to take Jesus by force and to make him national king. This would be political revolution and would defeat all the plans of Jesus about his kingdom. Things have reached a climax. The disciples were evidently swept off their feet by the mob psychology for they still shared the Pharisaic hope of a political kingdom. With the disciples out of the way Jesus could handle the crowd more easily, Robertson's Word Pictures of the New Testament.

2. Dr. Lenski comments, “The 12 would have delighted in such a scheme.” What do you think?

Yes. Acts 1:6 leads us to the answer: “So when they met together, they asked him, 'Lord, are you at this time going to restore the kingdom to Israel?' ” Even after the Resurrection, the Apostles still did not fully understand that the mission of Christ was a spiritual kingdom, not a political kingdom. Part of this is that for centuries, the message of Isaiah and other prophets had been ignored; they clearly wrote that the kingdom of the Messiah would be a spiritual one. Instead, the expectation was that the Messiah would be a political-military figure.

We must not judge the Apostles too harshly. Had we lived in those times, we too might have had trouble making the transition from a political expectation to a spiritual kingdom.

They were loath to go without their Master. Yet he wished to be alone. He had come to the "desert place" for retirement; the multitude followed, and sought after the miracle to proclaim him King. His disciples probably sympathized. Hence he sent them, too, away, and stayed to pray and reflect alone. People's New Testament/B.W. Johnson's Bible Commentary.

3. Why would Jesus need to pray?

There were many reasons.

• His grief over the brutal murder of John, His cousin and the man who baptized Him.

• To celebrate the victory in the miracle of the feeding of the 5,000+ (likely 10,000 to 15,000)

• To celebrate the victory that the crowds were turned from a false Messianic hope.

• To celebrate the victory over satan's attempt to again tempt Him (see Matt. 4:8-9).

• The return of the 12 from a successful missionary journey (Luke 9:10).

• Prayer for Himself.

• Prayer for the Apostles … and for us!

• Prayer about the upcoming loss of some popular support, and even the loss of disciples.

• Prayer about the upcoming crucifixion.

• And, importantly, to teach us that we need to pray.

“That multitude wanting to make him king was one of Satan's temptations to Jesus, and the sending these crowds away shows the temptation overcome. And thus the prayer in the dark that stormy night may well have been an outpouring of his heart to the Father for the renewed victory....” Lenski, pp. 569-570.

The refuge of Christ in every great crisis was lonely prayer. People's New Testament/B.W. Johnson's Bible Commentary.

4. How long did He pray?

Somewhere between 7 and 11 hours!

“Very likely the desire of the people to make him king tempted Jesus severely. That's why He withdrew alone to the mountain to pray. See John 6:15. He must have prayed about eight hours. He left there between 3 am and 6 am (0300 and 0600 hours) the next morning. Matthew 14:25 and Mark 6:48. Furthermore, Jesus knew that a great battle faced him the next day. John 6:22-59. The disciples, too, might be tempted to join these heathen. John 6:67.” Harold Buls.

Our Lord's lengthy time in prayer is a reminder to us to pray, pray, pray. As St. Paul says in 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18: “Be joyful always; pray continually; give thanks in all circumstances, for this is God's will for you in Christ Jesus.”

Luther was recorded in Table Talk as saying “The prayers of upright Christians are without ceasing; though they pray not always with their mouth, yet their hearts do pray continually, sleeping and waking; for the sigh of a true Christian is a prayer.” (“That a True Christian Prayeth Always,” quoted by Henry Bell, Colloquia Mensalia; or the Familiar Discourses of Dr. Martin Luther At His Table. Vol. 1. Two Volumes. (London: W. Bennett, 1840), p. 365.

We were also reminded about Luther's famous comment that “... whenever I happen to be prevented by the press of duties from observing my hour of prayer, the entire day is bad for me. Prayer helps us very much and gives us a cheerful heart, not account of any merit in the work, but because we have spoken with God and found everything to be in order.” (Quoted by Rev. Viet Dietrich, Table Talk, “Treatment of Melancholy, Despair, Etc.,” Nov. 30, 1531)

Mention was made of the “Walk to Emmaus,” a three-day prayer and meditation program, said to be a very profound experience for those who have participated. For more information about this program in Alabama, see http://www.alaemmaus.org/main.htm (click on the “3-Day Schedule” link to see the many dates remaining in 2010 for both men and women).

Into the mountain. After the dismissal of the crowd Jesus went up alone into the mountain on the eastern side of the lake to pray as he often did go to the mountains to pray. If ever he needed the Father's sympathy, it was now. The masses were wild with enthusiasm and the disciples wholly misunderstood him. The Father alone could offer help now. Robertson's Word Pictures of the New Testament.

5. I wonder what the strength and hope of the Apostles were like at this point?

Verses 25-26:

25 During the fourth watch of the night Jesus went out to them, walking on the lake. 26 When the disciples saw him walking on the lake, they were terrified. "It's a ghost," they said, and cried out in fear.

They must have been physically exhausted after many hours of rowing against the wind in this storm. They were probably thinking: if Jesus would have let them make Him a King, we wouldn't have to row!

And how often have we too being in that same situation of seeing Jesus walking across the lake after so many hours, days or years of suffering and struggle.

Christ dismissed the disciples before “second” evening, that is, 6 pm (sunset). He comes to them at the 4^th watch, between 3 and 6 am. Thus the disciples must have been battling this storm for between 9 and 12 hours!

Exhausted, wet, and windblown, these experienced fishermen saw something that terrified. When God reveals Himself, mortals tremble (Ex. 32:6; Ex. 20:18; Is. 6:5). Lutheran Study Bible, p. 1612.

The phrase in Matthew 14:24 is variously translated "beaten, battered, tormented, tossed by the waves." This verb is elsewhere used of the activity of Satan beating, battering and tormenting mankind. God permitted Satan to afflict Job severely. The thorn in Paul's flesh was a messenger of Satan to torment him. II Corinthians 12:7. God permitted Job, the disciples and Paul to be afflicted for their own good, to cleanse their faith of doubt, to look to Him alone for help. Harold Buls.

Sudden gusts are common on the Sea of Galilee. Thompson says he encountered one of such fury that no rowers could row a boat across the lake. There had now arisen one of those sudden and violent squalls to which all inland waters, surrounded by lofty hills intersected with deep gorges, are liable. People's New Testament/B.W. Johnson's Bible Commentary. The “Thompson” referred to here is likely Dr. Frank C. Thompson, author of the Marginal Chain-Reference Bible, first published in 1908, and still in print today.

6. And Who comes to them in their exhaustion?

It is Our Lord, who comes to them … and us! … in our exhaustion. Verse 27: Jesus immediately said to them: "Take courage! It is I. Don't be afraid."

Verse 27 - It is I. Literally, I am. The same language used by Jesus in Jerusalem (John 8:58), for which the Pharisees would have stoned him, and in the Old Testament to designate Jehovah (Exod. 3:14). Here I should prefer to give it this meaning: Christ says not merely, "It is I, your Friend and Master;" he says, at least implies, it is the "I AM," who is coming to you, the Almighty One who rules wind and waves, who made them, and whom they obey. B. W. Johnson's Bible Commentary. See also Isaiah 43:10 and Isaiah 51:12. The TNIV Study Bible, p. 1635. See note in the Lutheran Study Bible, pp. 1784-1785, “The Witness of 'I Am.'” On the same pages is a valuable note concerning “Amen.”

“It is I.” What tremendous words of comfort to hear, especially when we're battered by the storms of life. In John's Gospel, Jesus uses the “I am” identification several times to provide comfort and assurance to the peoples of 1^st century Israel … and to us. This phrase also evokes the memory of how God first identified Himself to Moses. When Moses asked God by what name He desired to be called, “God replied, “I Am Who I Am” (Ex. 3:14) When Moses began preaching to the Israelites, he explained to them, “'He is' sent me.” or, literally in Hebrew, “Yahweh sent me.”

Jesus never permits the frightened, penitent sinner to flounder.  "Jesus spoke to them by saying." The phrase here likely denotes Jesus' own characteristic, recognizable way of speaking. In other words, He spoke in His usual, comforting way. It's like a frightened child who hears the voice of mother or father with the result that fears dissolve. Harold Buls.

7. Did Jesus walk on the lake or just appear?

He walked out, not just “appeared,” as some have said.

One might inquire whether he had walked all the way out from the shore through the storm in the dark, or had suddenly transported himself to the spot where the disciples saw him. Curious questions deserve no answer, and in Holy Writ receive none. Lenski.

Walking upon the sea. Another nature miracle. Some scholars actually explain it all away by urging that Jesus was only walking along the beach and not on the water, an impossible theory unless Matthew's account is legendary. Robertson's Word Pictures of the New Testament.

As Robertson noted, there has been some controversy in the past, with some saying that Jesus wasn't walking on the water, but only along the shore. This is clearly not what is written in the Gospel (“Jesus went out to them, walking on the lake”), but it is only in recent centuries that printed Bibles have been available to almost everyone at little or no cost (here at St. Paul's, Bibles are provided without charge to those who don't have one but who want one, a blessing that would be akin to a miracle to someone living in 1455 or 1517! In 1455, there were only 180 printed Bibles in the entire world, Gutenberg's gift to Western Civilization.).

8. Who saw Him?

Not just Peter, but everyone in the boat, thus validating the miracle even more. Mark 6:48-50: “He saw the disciples straining at the oars, because the wind was against them. About the fourth watch of the night he went out to them, walking on the lake. He was about to pass by them, but when they saw him walking on the lake, they thought he was a ghost. They cried out, because they all saw him and were terrified.”

First, all of them cried out for fear, verse 26, and then Peter also cried out for fear, verse 30. Harold Buls.

9. Mark implies Jesus may have watched them for a little while before He appeared to them. Why would Jesus do that?

He was waiting for them to pray, helping them grow their faith.

He wants to breed faith, that we need to lean on Him, not our oars or our skill as sailors. This was a teaching moment, helping them grow in their faith and understanding: Jesus is in charge of all!

From Mark 6:48 we know that Jesus "was wishing to pass them by." Surely not because He did not care, but, similar to Luke 24:28, He did not force His help on them. Though they were in deep trouble, He did not foist Himself onto them. Harold Buls.

Jesus never permits the frightened, penitent sinner to flounder.  "Jesus spoke to them by saying." The phrase here likely denotes Jesus' own characteristic, recognizable way of speaking. In other words, He spoke in His usual, comforting way. It's like a frightened child who hears the voice of mother or father with the result that fears dissolve. With "It is I" He identifies Himself.  "Cease being afraid." In the Scriptures, whenever the Lord says:  "Fear not"  He also gives the reason for not fearing. Harold Buls.

The Lord saw their trouble from his mountain-top, and through the darkness of the night, for his heart was all with them; yet would he not go to their relief till his own time came. People's New Testament/B.W. Johnson's Bible Commentary.

10. The waves didn't make them shriek – but Jesus did. I wonder why?

They were afraid of ghosts, even though they were good sailors.

It was the walking on the sea, this incredible thing, that caused the fright. … They think they see a φάντασμα (phantasma), an unearthly form, a specter, or ghost. The darkness, the hour of night, the storm and the danger still in full force, the physical exhaustion, all combine to make the disciples give way to the superstitions still lurking in their minds. What would some who now smile at superstition have felt if they had held an oar in that boat? Lenski, p. 572.

To put this episode in context: It is night, sometime after 3 AM. They have been in this boat since before the beginning of evening (6 PM), over nine hours, and had traveled only 3 to 3 ½ miles. The boat was buffeted by the waves because the wind was against it. The waters were rough. It is fair to assume that they are exhausted after having rowed against this storm for many hours. And then they see somebody or something walking across the water?? Their fear and confusion is surely understandable. None of us have ever seen someone walking across the water in the middle of a bad storm either.

Under normal circumstances their boat should have crossed the sea of Galilee in about three hours, from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. (1800 hours to 2100 hours.) The disciples must have fought the rough sea for at least [nine] hours. Affliction is often long and difficult to endure. Harold Buls.

Perhaps the area where Jesus was walking was a calm spot in this storm that would allow Peter to want to step out when he recognized Jesus.

Verse 26. ghost. Greek phantasma. Appears only here and in Matt. 14:26. Lutheran Study Bible, note to Mark 6:49-50, p. 1668. Popular Jewish superstition held that the appearance of spirits during the night brought disaster. The disciples' terror was prompted by what they may have thought was a water spirit. The TNIV Study Bible, p. 1683.

A little touch of sailor superstition natural in the circumstances; presupposes the impression that they saw something walking on the sea. Nicoll, The Expositor's Greek Testament.

11. What do you think of Peter's request?

Christian faith and failure avoidance.

"… was Peter's request foolhardy and presumptuous (Fahling) or was it true boldness of faith on Peter's part (Lenski)? In any case we shall have to agree with Bengel who says that Peter's words and actions denote a remarkable exercise of faith." Harold Buls.

Here we see Peter's trust, and Peter's impulsiveness. In his heart, there is a genuineness of faith – as opposed to showing off – that allows Jesus to grant Peter's request. His faith and ours is not just failure avoidance. We know that we can follow the example of Peter and call on Christ to be our support and refuge in troubled times including chronic illness, societal disorder, financial difficulty, and, yes, even a failing heat pump!

Time and again in the Gospels, when Christ has healed, His one constant message is:

your faith has saved you,
your faith has saved you,
your faith has saved you.

12. What happened to Peter?

He lost his focus. From this, O Lord, deliver us!

Verse 30: But when he saw the wind, he was afraid and, beginning to sink, cried out, "Lord, save me!"

He got distracted. “What am I doing!?” But while his faith wavered, it did not fail, for he knew to whom he could appeal for help. Those waves had been there all night. However, when Peter saw Jesus, although nothing had changed the stormy condition of the sea, nevertheless Peter is seized by his faith. This was a success moment for Peter; he knows that his faith in Christ will save him, even when he begins to flounder.

Faith dare not be unsteady like a falling and rising wave but steady as calm water. Doubt is the beginning of unbelief. The doubter begins to sink, here literally, otherwise metaphorically. From John 21:7 we know that Peter was a good swimmer. But when faith wanes, even that which the believer can do well, under ordinary circumstances, fails. Commentaries sometimes criticize Peter for impetuosity but he at least must be commended for crying "Save me!" We all are very like Peter. Harold Buls.

John 21:7 (NIV), After the Resurrection on the Sea of Tiberius (Galilee): Then the disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter, "It is the Lord!" As soon as Simon Peter heard him say, "It is the Lord," he wrapped his outer garment around him (for he had taken it off) and jumped into the water.

Instead of looking only to Jesus (Hebrews 12:1-2), he looked at the fearful waves. No wonder he sank! Harold Buls.

Hebrews 12:1-2 (NIV). Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, let us throw off everything that hinders and the sin that so easily entangles, and let us run with perseverance the race marked out for us. Let us fix our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of our faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, scorning its shame, and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God.

First Peter said: "Lord command me" and then he said: "Lord save me." Peter was not as strong as he thought he was. But the Lord did save and help him. John 6:68-69. Harold Buls.

John 16:33 (NIV): When the troubles of the world threaten us, we too are haunted by our fears. But if we, like Peter, cry out: “Lord, save me!” we know that He will step in and give us the grace that we need to survive any of today's troubles. With Jesus as our cornerstone, we can be comforted by His words: “In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world."

Next week, we'll complete Chapter 14 and move into Chapter 15. Pray hard and hold on!

We closed with prayer.

Then your light will break forth like the dawn,
and your healing will quickly appear;
then your righteousness will go before you,
and the glory of the Lord will be your guard.

Isaiah 58:8

Parallel Scripture

Jesus Walks on the Water

For Additional Study

Online Resources

Book of Concord in PDF Format, The Lutheran Church — Missouri Synod <http://www.lcms.org/graphics/assets/media/LCMS/TrigBOC.pdf> (2MB file)

These texts are in the public domain and may be copied and distributed freely. The source of these translations is Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921).

A number of important Lutheran texts can be found in the Belief and Practice section of the website of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod: http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=112

Harold H. Buls - Sermon Notes <http://www.pericope.org/buls-notes/index.html> and a second collection, Sermon Notes of Dr. Harold H. Buls <http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-bul.html>. Adapted from Exegetical Notes, Series A, Festival Season Sundays, Gospel Texts, by Harold H. Buls, Concordia Theological Seminary Press: Ft Wayne IN, 1980, pp.9-12.

John Gill's Exposition of the Bible.
<http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/gill/matthew11.htm>

Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary.
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/mh/matthew11.htm

Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary
<http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/mhc/matthew11.htm>

Jamieson, Faussett, and Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible.
<http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/jfb/matthew11.htm>

B. W. Johnson's Bible Commentary
<http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/johnson/matthew11.htm >

Greek Interlinear Bible, http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Greek_Index.htm
Based on NA26/27. A word-by-word translation of the Greek New Testament.

John Lightfoot's Bible Commentary
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/light/matthew12.htm

J. W. McGarvey and Philip Y. Pendleton, The Fourfold Gospel or A Harmony of the Four Gospels (Cincinnati, The Standard Publishing Company, 1914)
http://www.ewordtoday.com/comments/matthew/four/matthew12.htm

The NET Bible. <http://bible.org/netbible/> A completely new translation of the Bible with 60,932 translators’ notes. It was completed by more than 25 scholars – experts in the original biblical languages – who worked directly from the best currently available Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts. Excellent notes, citing both the Greek and Hebrew, as needed. Greek and Hebrew fonts available without cost.

W. Robertson Nicoll, The Greek Expositor's Testament. Vol. 1. Five Volumes. (New York: George H. Doran Co., ca. 1910). Excellent notes on the Greek text and summaries of commentators. Available at Google Books (www.books.google.com) and the Internet Archive (www.archive.org; easier to find here than at Google Books).

Other Additional Resources:
http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/SPLC/Motley%20Crew%20Research%20Resources.html

Other Resources

Barker, Kenneth L., ed., TNIV Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006)

Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Readers Edition. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2006)

Davies, Benjamin, ed., Baker's Pocket Harmony of the Gospels (Baker Book House, 1975). Formerly printed as Harmony of the Four Gospels.

Goodrick, Edward W. and John R. Kohlenberger III, eds., The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999). This is the second edition, originally published as the Zondervan NIV Exhaustive Concordance. It was originally published as The NIV Exhaustive Concordance. It should be distinguished from The NIV Complete Concordance by the same authors.

Green, Jay P., ed., The Interlinear Greek-English New Testament. Vol. IV. Second Edition. (Hendrickson Publishers, 1985)

Halley, Henry H., Halley's Bible Handbook. New Revised Edition (24^th Edition). (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1965)

Hickie, W.J., Greek-English Lexicon to the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1977). This is a reprint of an older edition, originally published by Macmillan, August. 1893. A contemporary review described this as "A handy little volume, compiled on sound principles from trustworthy authorities." The 1911 edition is available online and for download at http://openlibrary.org/b/OL17866849M/Greek-English_lexicon_to_the_New_Testament

Hoerber, Robert G., ed., Concordia Self-Study Bible. NIV (Great Rapids, Zondervan: 1973, 1984).

Lenski, R.C.H., The Interpretation of St. Matthew's Gospel (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1943, reprinted 1964)

The Lutheran Study Bible (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2009).

Nave, Orville J., ed., Nave's Topical Bible (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1979)

New Bible Dictionary. Second Edition. (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1962)

NIV Archeological Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005)

Robertson, A.T., Word Pictures in the New Testament (Nashville: Holman Reference, 2000). This “Concise Edition” is derived from the six-volume work by Robertson published in 1933. Robertson was also the author of 45 books, including numerous commentaries, a Harmony of the Gospels, etc.

Rogers, Cleon L. Jr., and Cleon L. Rogers III, eds., The New Linguistic and Exegetical Key to the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1998). This is the second edition of the excellent work by Fritz Rienecker, A Linguistic Key to the Greek New Testament, translated and edited by Cleon L. Rogers, Jr.

Strong, James, ed., The New Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990)